Chapter 12 Flashcards
Groups
Social facilitation
Initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others on performance
Dominant response
In a person’s hierarchy of possible responses in any context, the response that person is most likely to make
Evaluation apprehension
People’s concern about how they might appear or be evaluated in the eyes of others
Social loafing
The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored
Groupthink
Faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus
Self-censorship
Withholding information or opinions in group discussions
Group polarization
The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals; whatever way the group as a whole is leaning, group discussion tends to make it lean further in that direction
Power
The ability to control one’s own outcomes and those of others
Social hierarchy
The arrangement of individuals within a group in terms of their relative power
Approach/inhibition theory
A theory maintaining that high-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick (sometimes rash) judgments, whereas low-power individuals are more likely to constrain their behavior and pay careful attention to others
Deindividuation
A reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that can come over people when they are in a large group
Individuation
An enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully, deliberately, and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values
Self-awareness theory
A theory maintaining that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values
Spotlight effect
People’s conviction that other people are paying more attention to them (to their appearance and behavior) than they actually are
