Chapter 14

Question 1

Social intuitionist model of moral judgment

Answer 1

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgment of right or wrong

Question 2

Moral foundations theory

Answer 2

A theory proposing that there are five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments

Question 3

Altruism

Answer 3

Prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for oneself

Question 4

Social reward

Answer 4

A benefit, such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior

Question 5

Personal distress

Answer 5

A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce one’s own distress

Question 6

Empathic concern

Answer 6

Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person

Question 7

Volunteerism

Answer 7

Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation

Question 8

Bystander intervention

Answer 8

Assistance given by a witness to someone in need

Question 9

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 9

A reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in an emergency or dangerous situation based on the assumption that others who are present will help

Question 10

Kin selection

Answer 10

An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

Question 11

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 11

Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future

Question 12

Prisoner’s dilemma

Answer 12

A situation involving payoffs to two people who must decide whether to cooperate or defect. In the end, trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and defection do

Question 13

Reputation

Answer 13

The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network

Question 14

Tit-for-tat strategy

Answer 14

A strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma game in which the player’s first move is cooperative; thereafter, the player mimics the other person’s behavior, whether cooperative or competitive. This strategy fares well when used against other strategies