Chapter 13

Question 1

General aggression model

Answer 1

A broad approach to understanding the causes of aggression through a focus on situational factors, and biological and cultural contributions

Question 2

Hostile aggression

Answer 2

Behavior intended to harm another person, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility

Question 3

Instrumental aggression

Answer 3

Behavior intended to harm another person in the service of motives other than pure hostility (such as attracting attention, acquiring wealth, or advancing political or ideological causes)

Question 4

Dehumanization

Answer 4

The attribution of nonhuman characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other than one’s own

Question 5

Culture of honor

Answer 5

A culture defined by its members’ strong concerns about their own and others’ reputations, leading to sensitivity to insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived slight

Question 6

Rape-prone cultures

Answer 6

A culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or as a threat against women to keep them subservient to men

Question 7

Inclusive fitness

Answer 7

According to evolutionary theory, an individual’s reproductive success, which ensures the transmission of an individual’s genes to future generations

Question 8

Precarious manhood hypothesis

Answer 8

The idea that a man’s gender identity, which significantly involves strength and toughness, may be lost under various conditions and that such a loss can trigger aggressive behavior

Question 9

Reactive devaluation

Answer 9

The tendency to attach less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it

Question 10

Restorative justice

Answer 10

The process of having perpetrators of harm take responsibility and apologize to those they’ve harmed and for those individuals to express their grievances