Chapter 2 Flashcards by Katharine Pierce

A disease that can be spread from person-to-person is known as:
an infectious disease.
a communicable disease.
a transmittable disease.
a spreadable disease.

a communicable disease.

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The MOST effective way of preventing the spread of disease is:
handwashing.
keeping your immunizations up-to-date.
placing a HEPA respirator on the patient.
wearing goggles, gloves, a gown, and a mask.

handwashing

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While caring for a trauma patient, the EMT has blood splashed into her eyes. This is an example of:
infection.
exposure.
indirect contact.
transmission.

exposure

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Protective measures that prevent health care workers from coming into contact with germs are referred to as:
exposure.
standard precautions.
transmission.
PPE.

standard precautions.

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What is the second stage of response in the stress response known as the general adaptation syndrome?
Recovery
Exhaustion
Alarm
Reaction and resistance

Reaction and resistance

The stages are Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion

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A condition characterized by reexperiencing an event and overresponding to stimuli that recall the event is called:
acute stress reaction.
delayed stress reaction.
cumulative stress reaction.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

PTSD

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______ is the fuel to make the body run.
Sleep
Exercise
Food
Work/life balance

Food

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Which stage of grieving commonly results in blame?
Denial
Anger, hostility
Bargaining
Depression

Anger, hostility

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Placards are used on:
buildings.
individual packages.
storage lockers.
storage papers.

Buildings

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The five most common hazards associated with a structural fire include:
smoke, oxygen deficiency, high ambient temperatures, toxic gases, and building collapse.
smoke, oxygen deficiency, inhalation of tar particles, injury from breaking glass, and building collapse.
smoke, high ambient temperatures, toxic gases, electric shock, and inhalation of tar particles.
oxygen deficiency, high ambient temperatures, toxic gases, electric shock, and injury from breaking glass.

smoke, oxygen deficiency, high ambient temperatures, toxic gases, and building collapse.

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After assessing a patient’s blood glucose level, you accidentally stick yourself with the contaminated lancet. You should:
A. Report the incident to your supervisor after the call
B. Discontinue patient care and seek medical attention
C. Get immunized against hepatitis as soon as possible
D. Immerse your wound in an alcohol-based solution
Report the incident to your supervisor after the call

Report the incident to your supervisor after the call

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At the scene of an automobile crash, a utility pole has been broken and power lines are lying across the car. The patients inside the car are conscious. You should:
A. Remove the lines with a non-conductive object
B. Proceed with normal extrication procedures
C. Advise the patients to carefully get out of the car
D. Mark off a danger zone around the downed lines

D. Mark off a danger zone around the downed lines

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Common factors that influence how a patient reacts to the stress of an illness or injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:
A. Mental disorders
B. History of chronic disease
C. Fear of medical personnel
D. Assessment by the EMT

Assessment by the EMT

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General adaption syndrome is characterized by which of the following phases?
A. Alarm response, reaction and resistance, and recovery
B. Immediate reaction, physiological exhaustion, and recovery
C. Delayed reaction, alarm response, and physical recovery
D. Reaction and resistance, euphoria, and physical exhaustion

Alarm response, reaction and resistance, and recovery

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Gloves, a mask, eye protection, and a face shield should be used:
A. During routine cleaning of the ambulance
B. Whenever you touch non-intact skin
C. While handling needles or other sharps
D. When preforming endotracheal intubation

When preforming endotracheal intubation

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Quid pro quo, a type of sexual harassment occurs when the harasser:
A. Touches another person without his or her consent
B. Requests sexual favors in exchange for something else
C. Stares at certain parts of another person’s anatomy
D. Makes rude remarks about a person’s body parts

Requests sexual favors in exchange for something else

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The EMT’s first priority is __________.
A. Treatment and transport
B. Empathy for all patients
C. Personal safety
D. Rapid response

Personal Safety

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The MOST serious consequence of drug or alcohol abuse among EMS personal is:
A. Tension among coworkers and supervisors
B. Low morale and frequently missed shifts
C. Substandard or inappropriate patient care
D. Punitive action and loss of a job

C. Substandard or inappropriate patient care

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The simplest, yet most effective method of preventing the spread of an infectious disease is to:
A. Ensure that your immunizations are up-to-date
B. Undergo an annual physical examination
C. Wash your hands in between patient contacts
D. Undergo annual test for tuberculosis and hepatitis

Wash your hands in between patient contacts

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Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you note that two small cars collided head-on; the occupants are still in their vehicles. The fire department is in the process of stabilizing the vehicles and law enforcement personal are directing traffic. After parking the ambulance at a safe distance, you and your partner should:
A. Quickly begin to triage process
B. Assist with vehicle stabilization
C. Put on high-visibility safety vests
D. Report to the incident commander

Put on high-visibility safety vests

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Vaccination against hepatitis A virus unnecessary if you:
A. Have been infected with hepatitis in the past
B. Have a weak immune system
C. Are older than 35 years of age
D. Received a hepatitis B vaccination

Have been infected by hepatitis in the past

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Vector-borne transmission of an infectious organism occurs via:
A. Smoke or dust
B. Inanimate objects
C. Direct contact
D. Animals or insects

Animals or insects

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When decontaminating the back of your ambulance after a call, you should:
A. Spray the contaminated areas and then immediately wipe them dry with a towel
B. use a bleach and water solution at a 1:2 dilution ration to thoroughly wipe all surfaces
C. Clean all surfaces and patient contact areas with a mixture of alcohol and water
D. Allow surfaces to air dry unless otherwise indicated in the product’s directions

Allow surfaces to air dry unless otherwise indicated in the product’s directions

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Which of the following is an effective stress management strategy?
A. Developing a social network outside of EMS
B. Frequently reflecting on troublesome calls
C. Requesting overtime to occupy your mind
D. Modestly increasing caffeine consumption

Developing a social network outside of EMS

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Which of the following statements regarding HIV is correct? A. HIV is far more contagious than hep. B B. HIV is transmitted exclusively via blood C. There is no vaccine against HIV infection D. HIV is easily transmittable in the EMS field

There is no vaccine against HIV infection

Which of the following statements regarding the different stages of the grieving process is correct? A. The grieving process typically begins with severe depression B. It is rare that people will jump back and forth between stages C. Bargaining is the most unpleasant stage of the grieving process D. The stages of the grieving process may occur simultaneously

The stages of the grieving process may occur simultaneously

Which of the following would provide the EMT with the BEST cover in a situation involving active gunfire? A. Stacked empty barrels B. A concrete barricade C. A large cluster of shrubs D. Behind a car door

a concrete barricade

While providing care to a patient, blood got onto the ambulance stretcher. Because the stretcher was not properly cleaned afterward, a virus was transmitted to another EMT several days later. Which route of transmission does this scenario describe? A. Vector-borne transmission B. Indirect transmission C. Airborne transmission D. Direct contact

Indirect transmission

You are transporting an elderly woman who has possibly experience a stroke. She is obviously scared by is unable to talk and cannot move the entire right side of her body. In addition to providing medical care she needs, you should: A. Tell her that you understand why she is scared and that everything will likely be okay B. Reassure her that after proper treatment in the hospital, she will regain her speech in time C. Acknowledge that she is scared and tell her that you will take good care of her D. Maintain eye contact at all times and tell her that there is no need for her to be scared

Acknowledge that she is scared and tell her that your will take good care of her

__________ is a response to the anticipation of danger. A. Despair B. Anxiety C. Rage D. Anger

Anxiety

A 12-year-old boy told his grandmother he was going to collect the day's mail, located on the opposite side of the street, for her. As he was returning with the mail, he was struck by vehicle and was found lying lifeless in the middle of the street. Which of the following would be appropriate to say to the grandmother? A. "What were you thinking? You will be reported" B. "We're placing him on a backboard to protect his back, and we'll take him to the hospital. Do you know who his doctor is?" C. It is best not to spend time talking to the grandmother D. "Don't worry, I'm sure he'll be fine"

"We're placing him on a backboard to protect his back, and we'll take him to the hospital. Do you know who his doctor is?"

Components of the CISM system include: A. Preincident stress education B. Defusings C. Spouse and family support D. All of the above

All of the above

If you find that you are the target of the patient;s anger, make sure that you: A. Are safe B. Do not take the anger or insults personally C. Are tolerant and do not become defensive D. All of the above

All of the above

Sexual harassment is defined as: A. Any unwelcome sexual advance B. Unwelcome requests for sexual favors C.Unwelcome verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature D. All of the above

All of the above

The quickest source of energy is _________; however, this supply will last less than a day and is consumed in greater quantities during stress. A. Glucose B. Carbohydrates C. Fat D. Protein

Glucose

When acknowledging the death of a child, reactions vary, but ___________ is common. A. Shock B. Disbelief C. Denial D. All of the above

All of the above

Proper _______________ is the simplest, yet most effective way to control disease transmission.

Handwashing

The struggle to remain calm in the face of horrible circumstances contributes to the _________________ of the job.

Emotional stress

You or your partner may develop ______________ after experiencing a particularly stressful call.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.

infectious disease

Any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens, such as CPR.

aerosol-generating procedure

The body’s response to stress that begins with an alarm response, followed by a stage of reaction and resistance, and then recovery or, if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion.

general adaptation syndrome

The capacity of an individual to cope with and recover from distress.

resilience

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body’s immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

human immunodeficiency virus

The individual in the department who is charged with the responsibility of managing exposures and infection control issues.

designated officer

Protective equipment that blocks exposure to a pathogen or a hazardous material.

personal protective equipment PPE

The use of an animal to spread an organism from one person or place to another.

vector-borne transmission

A delayed stress reaction to a prior incident. Often the result of one or more unresolved issues concerning the incident, and may relate to an incident that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm.

posttraumatic stress disorder

The spread of an organism via droplets or dust.

airborne transmission

The presence of infectious organisms on or in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient’s body.

contamination

Exposure or transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another by physical contact.

direct contact

The active pursuit of a state of good health.

wellness

A process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and defuses them, directing the emergency services personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium.

critical incident stress management

A negative response to a stressor.

distress

The body’s ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease.

immune

The primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.

communicable disease

The tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection.

cover

The organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent.

host

A microorganism that is capable of causing disease in a susceptible host.

pathogen

The abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, with or without signs or symptoms of disease.

infection

Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.

hepatitis

Exposure or transmission of disease from one person to another by contact with a contaminated object.

indirect contact

A situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that suggests disease transmission may occur.

exposure

Reactions to stress that occur during a stressful situation.

acute stress reactions

The federal regulatory compliance agency that develops, publishes, and enforces guidelines concerning safety in the workplace.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

The contamination of food or water with an organism that can cause disease.

foodborne transmission

Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease.

standard precautions

Prolonged or excessive stress.

cumulative stress reactions

A combination of exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced performance resulting from long-term job stresses in health care and other high-stress professions.

burnout

A beneficial response to a stressor.

eustress

Procedures to reduce transmission of infection among patients and health care personnel.

infection control

A stress disorder characterized by gradual lessening of compassion over time.

compassion fatigue

Reactions to stress that occur after a stressful situation.

delayed stress reactions

The use of objects to limit a person’s ability to see you.

concealment

The way in which an infectious disease is spread: contact, airborne, by vehicles, or by vectors.

transmission

Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

bloodborne pathogens

A 15-year-old boy was killed when he was struck by a car while riding his bicycle. He has numerous disfiguring injuries and has been placed in the back of the ambulance to shield him from curious bystanders. When the child's parents arrive at the scene, they demand to see him. You should:

advise them that their son had severely disfiguring injuries and ask them if there is anyone they would like you to contact first.

A 75-year-old male with a terminal illness has died at home. As you and your partner enter the residence, a family member becomes verbally abusive, pushes you, and states that you took too long to get there. You should:

retreat and notify law enforcement personnel.

A critical incident stress debriefing should be conducted no longer than ________ hours following the incident.

A positive TB skin test indicates that:

you have been exposed to the disease..

According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations, an employer must:

offer a workplace environment that reduces the risk for exposure..

As an EMT, it is important to remember that the signs and symptoms of cumulative stress:

important to remember that the signs and symptoms of cumulative stress: may not be obvious or present all the time.

Carbon monoxide blocks the ability of the blood to oxygenate the body because it:

binds with the hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

Common questions asked by patients with a serious illness or injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

"What hospital am I going to?"

Critical incident stress management (CISM) can occur at an ongoing scene in all of the following circumstances, EXCEPT:

when patients are actively being assessed or treated..

Determination of exposure is an important component of an infection control plan because it:

defines who is at risk for contact with blood and body fluids and which tasks pose a risk of exposure..

Hazards that are associated with a structural fire include all of the following, EXCEPT:

carbon dioxide deficiency.

If a mask cannot be placed on a coughing patient, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that you maintain a distance of at least ________ feet if possible.

If a person is partially immune to a particular disease, he or she:

may develop illness from germs that lie dormant from the initial infection.

Physiologic manifestations of stress include:

perspiration, increased blood glucose levels, and dilated pupils.

The BEST way to reduce your risk of contracting a work-related disease following exposure is to:

activate your department's infection control plan as soon as possible..

The final stage of death and dying is MOST commonly displayed as:

acceptance..

The spread of HIV and hepatitis in the health care setting can usually be traced to:

careless handling of sharps..

The MOST effective way to preserve your own body heat when functioning in cold, wet weather is to:

wear at least three layers of clothing..

The MOST important consideration at the scene of a hazardous material incident is:

ensuring your personal safety..

What should you do before attempting to access a patient trapped in a vehicle?

Ensure the vehicle is stable.

What type of stress reaction occurs when an EMT is exposed to many insignificant stressors over a period of several months or years?

cumulative stress reaction.

When caring for the parents of a child who has died of leukemia, the EMT should:

acknowledge the death of their child in private.

When treating a patient who is trapped in a vehicle and covered with broken glass, it is BEST to wear:

puncture-proof leather gloves over your latex gloves.

Which of the following infectious diseases confers no protection from reinfection after exposure?

syphilis

Which of the following scenarios MOST accurately depicts a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reaction?

An EMT becomes distracted at the scene of a motor vehicle crash involving the same type of car in which a child was previously killed.

Which of the following statements is MOST consistent with the bargaining phase of the grieving process?

"I will be compliant with all my medications if I can just see my grandson graduate.".

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatitis B vaccine is correct?

OSHA requires that your employer offer you the vaccine free of charge

Which of the following statements would NOT be appropriate to say to the family of a dying patient?

"Things will get better in time."

You and your partner respond to the residence of a 66-year-old male with shortness of breath. As you are assessing the patient, his wife tells you that he was recently diagnosed with lung cancer. The patient is verbally abusive and tells you that failure of the health care system caused his disease. What stage of the grieving process is this patient's behavior consistent with?

anger

You are assessing a middle-aged man with chest pain that you suspect is caused by a cardiac problem. The patient tells you that he does not want to go to the hospital and insists that you leave him alone. You should:

explain the seriousness of the situation to him, but avoid causing undue alarm.

You are assessing a woman who was thrown from her horse. She is located in a large field and you can see that a thunderstorm is rapidly approaching. Suddenly, you feel your skin begin to tingle and the hair on your arms stands on end. The ambulance is located about 30 yards away. You should:

crouch down in a position so that only your feet are touching the ground.

You are caring for a 35-year-old female with pregnancy-related complications. She is clearly experiencing significant stress and is crying uncontrollably. Your MOST appropriate action would be to:

demonstrate courtesy and speak with a professional tone of voice.

You are caring for a 40-year-old female who was involved in a motor vehicle crash. Her husband, who was driving the vehicle, was killed. When the patient asks you if her husband is all right, you should:

let clergy or hospital staff relay the bad news if possible.

You are dispatched to the scene of a crash involving a large tanker truck. While you are en route, dispatch advises you that there are multiple patients and that the fire department is en route as well. As you approach the scene, you should:

maintain a safe distance and try to read the placard with binoculars

You are summoned to a convalescent center for an 88-year-old female with an altered mental status. A staff nurse advises you that the patient has terminal cancer and her physician stated that she would probably die within the next few hours; a valid do not resuscitate (DNR) order is presented to you. When caring for this patient, you should:

make her comfortable and provide emotional support.

You are transporting a 40-year-old male with respiratory distress. The patient tells you that he recently had a positive tuberculosis (TB) skin test and is currently being evaluated for possible TB. You should:

apply a nonrebreathing mask on the patient and a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) respirator on yourself..

You have been working at the scene of a major building collapse for 8 hours. Many injured people are still being removed, and everyone is becoming frustrated and losing focus. This situation is MOST effectively managed by:

requesting a CISM team to provide on-scene peer support

Your partner, a veteran EMT who you have worked with regularly for the past 4 years, seems unusually agitated during a call involving an elderly patient. Upon arrival back at your station, you note the obvious smell of alcohol on his breath. What should you do?

Discreetly report your suspicions to your supervisor.

What should you do if you suspect a patient has COVID-19? Use mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mask resuscitation. Use bag-mask ventilation. Place a surgical mask on the patient and a particulate air respirator, such as an N95 mask, on yourself. Be cautious, but no specific PPE is required.

Place a surgical mask on the patient and a particulate air respirator, such as an N95 mask, on yourself.

You are responding to an accident scene that involves an overturned semi-truck carrying diesel fuel. Which reference source will be most helpful in this case? OSHA guidelines CDC standards for infection control DOT’s Emergency Response Guidebook ANSI safety standards

DOT’s Emergency Response Guidebook

What was the focus of Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s book, On Death and Dying? It gave specific guidelines on how to deliver hospice care to critically ill patients. It introduced the stages of grief. It became the standard for EMS providers when dealing with violent death. It detailed the physiologic aspects of cumulative stress reactions.

It introduced the stages of grief

Which substance blocks hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen to body tissues? Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Cyanide Smoke

Carbon monoxide

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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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