Chapter 2

Question 1

Marijuana’s main psychoactive ingredient

Answer 1

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 2

Consuming five or more alcohol drinks in a row on a single occasion

Answer 2

Binge drinking

Question 3

The consumption of 10 or more alcoholic drinks in a row or 15 or more drinks in a row on a single occasion

Answer 3

Extreme binge drinking

Question 4

When knowledge of adverse drug consequences experienced by a particular generation or population is lost by the younger cohort

Answer 4

Generational forgetting

Question 5

From the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5; term used by clinicians and psychiatrists for diagnosing mental disorders, combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition called substance use disorder

Answer 5

substance use disorder

Question 6

Type of substance-related disorder that involves problems such as intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance- or medication-induced mental disorders

Answer 6

Substance-induced disorders (addictive disorders)

Question 7

Belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so

Answer 7

Moral model

Question 8

Belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition

Answer 8

Disease model

Question 9

View of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual

Answer 9

Characterological or personality predisposition model

Question 10

Broad category of psychiatric disorders, formally called character disorders, that includes the antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and others; these serious, ongoing impairments are difficult to treat

Answer 10

Personality disorders

Question 11

Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud and focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a series of psychosexual stages

Answer 11

Psychoanalysis

Question 12

Adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes him- or herself by chemical means

Answer 12

“Double wall” of encapsulation

Question 13

Explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns

Answer 13

Genetic and biophysiological theories

Question 14

How drug substances alter and affect the brain’s mental functions

Answer 14

Psychoactive effects

Question 15

Chemical messengers released by nervous (nerve) cells for communication with other cells

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters

Question 16

Neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drugs of abuse

Answer 16

Dopamine

Question 17

Two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur simultaneously or one right after the other; also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both

Answer 17

Comorbidity

Question 18

Method of self-care in which an individual uses non-prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medical ailments involving his or her psychological condition; self-prescribed drugs can include recreational drugs, psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and herbal products used to alleviate or diminish mental distress, stress and anxiety, mental illness, or psychological trauma

Answer 18

Self-medication

Question 19

Individual who is simultaneously manifesting a mental health disorder(s) and addiction to drug use at the same time (e.g., a drug addict experiencing depression or anxiety)

Answer 19

Dual diagnosis

Question 20

Theory that emphasizes how an individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers

Answer 20

Social learning theory

Question 21

Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual

Answer 21

Habituation

Question 22

Theory that assumes it’s biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun

Answer 22

Addiction to pleasure theory

Question 23

Types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experiences

Answer 23

Sensation-seeking individuals

Question 24

Ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behavior

Answer 24

Differential reinforcement

Question 25

Sociological theories that view a person’s day-to-day social relations as a primary cause for drug use

Answer 25

Social influence theories

Question 26

Theories that view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as directly responsible for drug use

Answer 26

Structural influence theories

Question 27

Controversial syndrome whose proponents claim that heavy marijuana use causes a lack of motivation and reduced productivity

Answer 27

Amotivational syndrome

Question 28

Theory emphasizing that other people’s perceptions directly influence one’s self-image

Answer 28

Labeling theory

Question 29

Any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator doesn’t identify with the deviance

Answer 29

Primary deviance

Question 30

Any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with the deviance

Answer 30

Secondary deviance

Question 31

Major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual - for example, doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict

Answer 31

Master status

Question 32

Social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position - for example, homosexual, physician, professor, alcoholic, convicted felon, or mental patient

Answer 32

Retrospective interpretation

Question 33

Explains drug use as a peer-generated activity

Answer 33

Subculture theory

Question 34

Behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often disrupted by the forces of rapid technological change

Answer 34

Conventional behavior

Question 35

Theory that emphasizes that people left without bonds to other groups (peers, family, social groups) generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes

Answer 35

Control theory

Question 36

Growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being

Answer 36

Socialization

Question 37

Developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol and drugs

Answer 37

Low-risk drug choices

Question 38

Developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively

Answer 38

High-risk drug choices