Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Marijuana’s main psychoactive ingredient

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol

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2
Q

Consuming five or more alcohol drinks in a row on a single occasion

A

Binge drinking

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3
Q

The consumption of 10 or more alcoholic drinks in a row or 15 or more drinks in a row on a single occasion

A

Extreme binge drinking

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4
Q

When knowledge of adverse drug consequences experienced by a particular generation or population is lost by the younger cohort

A

Generational forgetting

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5
Q

From the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5; term used by clinicians and psychiatrists for diagnosing mental disorders, combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition called substance use disorder

A

substance use disorder

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6
Q

Type of substance-related disorder that involves problems such as intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance- or medication-induced mental disorders

A

Substance-induced disorders (addictive disorders)

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7
Q

Belief that people abuse alcohol because they choose to do so

A

Moral model

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8
Q

Belief that people abuse alcohol because of some biologically caused condition

A

Disease model

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9
Q

View of chemical dependency as a symptom of problems in the development or operation of the system of needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual

A

Characterological or personality predisposition model

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10
Q

Broad category of psychiatric disorders, formally called character disorders, that includes the antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and others; these serious, ongoing impairments are difficult to treat

A

Personality disorders

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11
Q

Theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud and focused on unconscious forces and conflicts and a series of psychosexual stages

A

Psychoanalysis

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12
Q

Adaptation to pain and avoidance of reality, in which the individual withdraws emotionally and further anesthetizes him- or herself by chemical means

A

“Double wall” of encapsulation

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13
Q

Explanations of addiction in terms of genetic brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns

A

Genetic and biophysiological theories

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14
Q

How drug substances alter and affect the brain’s mental functions

A

Psychoactive effects

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15
Q

Chemical messengers released by nervous (nerve) cells for communication with other cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter present in regions of the brain that regulate movement, emotion, cognition, motivation, and feelings of pleasure; it mediates the rewarding aspects of most drugs of abuse

A

Dopamine

17
Q

Two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person; they can occur simultaneously or one right after the other; also implies interactions between the illnesses that can worsen the course of both

A

Comorbidity

18
Q

Method of self-care in which an individual uses non-prescribed drugs to treat untreated and often undiagnosed medical ailments involving his or her psychological condition; self-prescribed drugs can include recreational drugs, psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and herbal products used to alleviate or diminish mental distress, stress and anxiety, mental illness, or psychological trauma

A

Self-medication

19
Q

Individual who is simultaneously manifesting a mental health disorder(s) and addiction to drug use at the same time (e.g., a drug addict experiencing depression or anxiety)

A

Dual diagnosis

20
Q

Theory that emphasizes how an individual learns patterns of behavior from the attitudes of others, society, and peers

A

Social learning theory

21
Q

Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual

A

Habituation

22
Q

Theory that assumes it’s biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus once begun

A

Addiction to pleasure theory

23
Q

Types of people who characteristically are continually seeking new or novel thrills in their experiences

A

Sensation-seeking individuals

24
Q

Ratio between reinforcers, both favorable and disfavorable, for sustaining drug use behavior

A

Differential reinforcement

25
Q

Sociological theories that view a person’s day-to-day social relations as a primary cause for drug use

A

Social influence theories

26
Q

Theories that view the structural organization of a society, peer group, or subculture as directly responsible for drug use

A

Structural influence theories

27
Q

Controversial syndrome whose proponents claim that heavy marijuana use causes a lack of motivation and reduced productivity

A

Amotivational syndrome

28
Q

Theory emphasizing that other people’s perceptions directly influence one’s self-image

A

Labeling theory

29
Q

Any type of initial deviant behavior in which the perpetrator doesn’t identify with the deviance

A

Primary deviance

30
Q

Any type of deviant behavior in which the perpetrator identifies with the deviance

A

Secondary deviance

31
Q

Major status position in the eyes of others that clearly identifies an individual - for example, doctor, professor, alcoholic, heroin addict

A

Master status

32
Q

Social psychological process of redefining a person in light of a major status position - for example, homosexual, physician, professor, alcoholic, convicted felon, or mental patient

A

Retrospective interpretation

33
Q

Explains drug use as a peer-generated activity

A

Subculture theory

34
Q

Behavior largely dictated by custom and tradition, which is often disrupted by the forces of rapid technological change

A

Conventional behavior

35
Q

Theory that emphasizes that people left without bonds to other groups (peers, family, social groups) generally have a tendency to deviate from upheld values and attitudes

A

Control theory

36
Q

Growth and development process responsible for learning how to become a responsible, functioning human being

A

Socialization

37
Q

Developing values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol and drugs

A

Low-risk drug choices

38
Q

Developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively

A

High-risk drug choices