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CompTIA A+ > Chapter 19: Local Area Networking > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Local Area Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Protocol Suite/Stack

A

Combination of protocols together

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2
Q

TCP/IP

A

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

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3
Q

Router

A

Filters and forwards traffic via IP address

Connects a LAN to the wider internet (or other LANs)

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4
Q

Default Gateway

A

Router’s LAN IP connection (gateway to the net, essentially)

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5
Q

IP Address

A

Method for identifying node and network

Written in dotted-decimal notation

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6
Q

IPv4

A

Internet Protocol version 4

4 sets of 8 binary numbers, 32 bits total

255.255.255.255 is a fully masked IP

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7
Q

Subnet Mask

A

Blocks out of network ID for IP addresses

255.255.255.0 - all 255 values are locked in as network ID

Remaining set is left for the machines to identify with

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8
Q

IP Conflict

A

When two hosts have identical IP addresses

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9
Q

IPv6

A

Internet Protocol version 6

8 groups of 4 hexadecimal characters, 128 bits total (hextets are 16 bits each)

colon separator instead of dotted-decimal

Uses digits and letters up to ffff

leading 0s get dropped, sequential sets of 0s can be replaced with :: (but only once per address)

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10
Q

Public vs Private IP

A

Public address is like your passport to the internet - used to direct all traffic to you., Public IP address is typically the router’s outward facing address

Private IP address is only for internal network - allows router to distinguish between the different hosts on the network.

Classes of private addresses:

10.0.0.0 - Class A
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 - Class B
192.168.0.0 - Class C

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11
Q

CIDR

A

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Masks using the binary values and “whack” notation

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 = /24 network (whack 24).
Remaining 0s are open for host IDs, while 1s are taken up with network ID

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12
Q

IPv6 Construction

A

Prefix, subnet, interface ID

First three hextets are the prefix (public topology assigned by ISP)
fourth hextet specifies the subnet (private topology)
final four hextets are interface ID (token/host ID)

CIDR notation is used to write the prefixes

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13
Q

link-local address

A

Automatically assigned to machine when it has not been manually configured or DHCP configured.

Valid only within the private network, routers will not transmit traffic using link-local addresses

IPv4 range: 169.254.0.0/16 (remember 169.254.0.0 and 169.254.255.255 are reserved)
IPv6 range: fe80::/10 (although typically get assigned within the fe80::/64 range)

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14
Q

EUI-64

A

Extended Unique Identifier

Creates an auto generated IPv6 address for a machine using the MAC address. Means machine will have an address even without DHCP configuration.

Puts MAC in after the IPv6 prefix. 24 bits are the first half of the MAC (with one bit modified from 0 to 1), puts filler 16 bits (FFFF:FFFE), then last 24 bits are the latter half of the MAC address.

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15
Q

DNS and TLD

A

Domain Name System (converts latin domain names to IP)

Top Level Domains - .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .int, .net, .org

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16
Q

RS and RA

A

Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement

RA - provides network ID, subnet, and DNS server

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17
Q

Global Unicast Address

A

IPv6 equivalent to public address for router

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18
Q

Address Records

A

A record - IPv4
AAAA record - IPv6

Used by DNS servers to link domain name “blank.com” into an IP address

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19
Q

MX record

A

Mail Exchange record

Used by DNS servers to direct outgoing email to correct server

20
Q

DHCP

A

Dynamic Host Control Protocol

Used to configure hosts, provides IP, DNS server, subnet

Servers have a “pool” or “scope” of IPs to lease out until renewal (can manually drop through a release).

Reservations mean DHCP server always provides same IP to specified host

21
Q

TXT Records

A

Spam prevention tools, supposed to make spoofing more difficult

DKIM - Domain Keys Identified Mail
digitally signs mail with a key pulled from the DNS server’s TXT records

SPF - Sender Policy Framework
list of servers that are permitted to send mail from a particular domain

DMARC - Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance
references DKIM and SPF frameworks, determines what to do with mail that fails these checks

22
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol - connection-oriented protocol for good order and precise transmission. Makes sure messages are sent and received accurately (no missing packets)

TCP is configured in Start|Settings|Network and Internet|Status

Adapter settings can be cahnged there under Advanced Network Settings

23
Q

UDP

A

User Datagram Protocol - connectionless protocol, more like “fire and forget”. Is faster than TCP because it doesn’t require all those same steps

24
Q

ping

A

command line, sends frame out to specified location “ping [address/domain]”

-t switch - continuous pinging
-l switch - sets the packet size

25
Q

ipconfig w/ switches

A

shows the network settings

ipconfig /all - detailed view
ipconfig /renew - get a new DHCP config
ipconfig /release - dump current DHCP config

26
Q

ifconfig

A

Unix version of ipconfig

27
Q

nslookup/dig

A

Win/UNIX

gives details on what DNS is giving you
nslookup [address/domain]

28
Q

tracert/traceroute

A

Win/UNIX

shows route of packet and time it takes to travel (pathping does the same)

tracert [addres/domain]

29
Q

3 requirements for network connectivity

A

1) Connected NIC
2) Proper IP configuration
3) Switch

30
Q

APIPA

A

Automatic PRivate IP Addressing

IPv4 range of 169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254

Host broadcasts it out, if no other host responds, it self-assigns.

31
Q

Link Lights

A

steady on = good signal
flickering/off = bad connection

32
Q

Activity Lights

A

Flickers with data transfer

33
Q

Full-duplex

A

NIC can send and receive data simultaneously

34
Q

Autosensing

A

Switch uses this to detect half vs full duplex devices and therefore how to manage traffic on those lines

35
Q

Wake-on-LAN

A

“Magic packet” to turn on a PC through network

Control Panel|Network and Sharing|Manage Network Connections (Rclick) Properties

36
Q

QoS

A

Quality of Service - allows networks to prioritize traffic

37
Q

Unmanaged vs Managed switches

A

Unmanaged - plug and play, no configuration (good for small networks)

Managed - configuration options, gives switch an IP that can be reached

38
Q

Workgroup

A

Allows all systems in shared workgroup to share resources

Typically set fully open, then use NTFS permissions to control read/write capabilities

39
Q

LDAP

A

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Allows access to network resources through Active Directory verification

40
Q

Default OUs in AD snapin

A

Builtin - where built in domain groyups are stored
Computers - all systems stored (servers, devices, workstations)
Domain Controllers - authenticates users
Users - list of users

41
Q

Users and Computers utility

A

cleans up account issues, reset passwoerds, enable or disable accounts, etc

42
Q

Domain Account Powers

A

1) Logon scripts (map netwrok drives on login, put info box up on login, etc)
2) setup “roaming” profiles (take folders w/ you at each station)
3) “folder redirection” (puts folders on a server instead of locally hosting them)

43
Q

Steps to map a drive

A

Right click “This PC” and select map network drive
Select drive you want to map
Set to autoauthenticate or use separate credentials

44
Q

Troubleshooting Tools

A

ipconfig - check to see if you are getting an APIPA, that means connection issue with DHCP

check link lights - if they keep going on and off, could be a sign of “port flapping”

Loopback test - test internal NIC circuitry, may need loopback plug to check external port pins

TDR - (Time-domain reflectometer) sends signal that will refelect back if impedence changes, calculates distances to break. Should always include the patch cables in this test

Toner - tone generator and tone probe. Sends signal that the probe will pick up when placed next to cable (like current detector tool)

45
Q

net

A

command prompt - view details of a network as well as other tools

net use x: \server1\research = go into server1, find the research folder, map it to drive X:

net view \[NAME] gives available shares and mappings of \[NAME]

CompTIA A+ (11 decks)

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