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Anatomy II > chapter 19: heart > Flashcards

chapter 19: heart Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the heart

A

-generate BP
-route blood
-ensure one way flow by way of valves
-regulate blood supply

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

mediastinum

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3
Q

apex

A

blunt rounded point of cone

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4
Q

base

A

flat part at opposite end of cone

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardial sac?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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6
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough fibrous outer layer and prevents over dstention

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7
Q

serous pericardium

A

thin transparent inner layer that includes parietal and visceral pericardium

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8
Q

epicardium

A

serous membrane, smooth outer surface of heart,
-aka visceral layer

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9
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, heart contractions

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10
Q

endocardium

A

lines the inner chamber of the heart, simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

receive blood

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12
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

pump blood

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13
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

-deliver blood to the lungs
-right side of the heart
-poor in O2 but rich in CO2
-

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14
Q

Pulmonary Circuit Blood Pathway

A

blood from body—>right atrium—>tricuspid valve—>right ventricle—> pulmonary valve—> pulmonary trunk—> pulmonary arteries—> lungs—> pulmonary veins—> left atrium

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15
Q

systemic circuit

A

-deliver blood to the rest of the body
-left side of heart
-rich in oxygen and poor in CO2

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16
Q

Systemic Circuit Blood Pathway

A

left atrium—>bicuspid valve—>left ventricle—>aortic valve—>aorta—> systemic circuit

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17
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker?

A

it is pumping over a greater distance but both circuits pump the same amount of blood

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18
Q

AV valves

A

prevent backflow into the atria and regulates passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles

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19
Q

How many cusps does the right AV valve have?

A

3

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20
Q

How many cusps does the left AV valve have?

A

2

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21
Q

semilunar valves

A

control flow into great arteries and prevent backflow into ventricles

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22
Q

pulmonary valve pathway

A

right ventricle—>pulmonary trunk

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23
Q

aortic valve pathway

A

left ventricle—> aorta

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24
Q

What determines the opening of the valves?

A

depends on pressure in ventricle

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25
Diastole
ventricles relax -pressure drops and semilunar valves close -AV valves open and blood flows from atria to ventricles
26
Systole
ventricles contract pressure increases and AV valves close semilunar valves open and blood flows into the vessels
27
coronary circulation
supplies heart muscle itselfq
28
anastomoses
junctions, alternate routes for blood to get to the tissues
29
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
30
veins
carry blood to the heart
31
angina pectoris
thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium
32
myocardial infarction
heart attack, prolonged coronary blockage
33
desmosomes
type of intercalated discs that prevents cells from separating during contraction
34
gap junctions
allow ions to pass and pass electrical signals from cell to cell
35
Electrical event of the cardiac cycle
cardiac action potential which increases calcium -ECG
36
mechanical event of the cardiac cycle
contraction and generation of pressure
37
Pathway of Blood
superior/inferior vena cava--->right atrium---> tricuspid valve--->right ventricle--->pulmonary valve-->pulmonary artery--->lungs--->pulmonary veins-->left atrium--->bicuspid valve---> left ventricle---> aortic valve---> aorta
38
Conducting system of heart
-causes contractions 1. The SA node or the pacemaker initiates the heartbeat and fires the fastest 2.The AV node will fire second and the action potential is slower 3. The AV bundle reaches interventricular septum 4.right and left bundle branches extend beneath endocardium 5. purkinje fibers
39
Where is the SA node?
atrium
40
action potential
electrical signal on a nerve
41
depolarization
contraction
42
repolarization
relaxation
43
What is the benefit of long refractory periods?
prevents tetanic contractions
44
ECG
record of an electrical event in the myocardium that can be circulated w/ mechanical events
45
P wave
depolarization of atrial myocardium SA node
46
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization AV node
47
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
48
PQ interval
atria contracts and begins to relax
49
QT interval
ventricles contract and begin to relax
50
blood pressure
force exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood
51
What 3 things affect BP?
cardiac contractililty peripheral resistance blood volume
52
Where does blood move?
high to low pressure
53
What causes the valves to open and close?
the pressure of the ventricles
54
first heart sound
AV valves close and signals systole
55
second heart sound
SL valves close
56
Quiescent period of Cardiac cycle
all chambers relaxed, AV valves open, blood flowing in ventricles
57
atrial systole of cardiac cycle
SA node fires, atria depolarizes P wave appears atria contracts and forces additional blood into ventricles
58
end diastolic volume
amount of blood in ventricles before they contract
59
isovolumetric contraction
atria repolarizes and relax ventricles depolarize QRS complex appears ventricles contract pressure rises rapidly closing AV valve, hear first heart sound
60
ventricular ejection, pressure in ventricle exceeds aorta
rising pressure opens SL valve rapid ejection of blood
61
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of left ventricle
62
end-systolic volume
amount of blood left in heart
63
isovolumetric relaxation
T wave appears ventricles repolarize Sl valves close and hear 2nd heart sound AV valves stay closed ventricles expand but don't fill
64
dicrotic notch
when the aortic SL valves closes, pressure in the aorta increases slightly
65
cardiac output
amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute
66
What is the formula for cardiac output?
HR x SV
67
cardiac reserve
difference between a persons maximum and resting CO
68
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
it increases heart rate with norepinephrine
69
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
it slows the heart rate down w/ acetylcholine and stimulates vagus nerves
70
What would happen if a vagus nerve was severed?
the SA node would fire at an intrinsic rate of 100 BPM
71
vagus nerves
cranial nerve associated with cardiac
72
What 3 components affect stroke volume?
preload, contractility, and afterload
73
preload
increases SV -the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium before it contracts
74
venous return
amount of blood that returns to your heart
75
Frank Starling Law of Heart
ventricles eject as much blood as they receive
76
What is the formula for the Frank Starling Law?
SV=EDV
77
contractility
how hard the heart is pumping, increases SV but decreases ESV
78
What can increase contractility?
hypercalcemia
79
What can decrease contractility?
hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia
80
afterload
pressure in arteries above SL valves and opposes the opening of the valves -decreases SV and ESV
81
vagal tone
steady background firing of the vagus nerve to the heart
82
What is the biggest contributor to afterload?
BP

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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