chapter 18 blood Flashcards by fancy jj

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

transport O2, CO2, wastes
protect WBCs, antibodies, and platelets
fluid regulation and pH buffering

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plasma

clear extracellular fluid that makes up more than 1/2 of the blood’s volume

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formed elements

blood cells and platelets

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viscosity

the resistance to flow

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What is the pH range of blood?

7.37-7.45

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What would happen if the osmolarity is too high?

the fluid absorbs into the blood and causes high BP

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What would happen if the osmolarity is too low?

the fluid remains in the tissues causing edema

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hematocrit

percent of total volume that is red blood cells

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albumin

60% of plasma
contributes to viscosity and osmolarity

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globulins

36% of plasma
transport, immunity

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fibrinogen

4% of plasma
clotting, leaves behind a serum

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What electrolyte is most abundant in plasma?

sodium

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white blood cells

only complete formed element
immunity

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red blood cells

-no nuclei or organelles
-filled w/ hemoglobin
-contain spectrin
-biconcave
-MAJOR FACTOR IN BLOOD VISCOSITY

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spectrin

allows RBCs to bend

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platelets

not cells, but fragments of cells

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hemoglobin

consists of four protein chains or globins
each of these chains is joined with a heme group that binds to iron, 4 irons and 4 oxygens total

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How many oxygens can hemoglobin carry?

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oxyhemoglobin

o2 loading in the lungs

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deoxyhemoglobin

o2 unloading in the tissues

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carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 loading in the tissues, carries 20% of CO2 in the blood

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hematopoiesis

blood cell formation
occurs in red bone marrow

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erythropoiesis

RBC production
3-5 day process

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What would happen if there are too few RBCs?

hypoxia

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What would happen if there are too many RBCs?

the viscosity of blood would increase

What would occur if there are decreased oxygen levels?

erythropoiesis increase

What hormone controls RBC production?

erythropoietin

What structure release erythropoietin?

kidneys

What causes hypoxia?

hemorrhage or increases RBC destruction insufficient hemoglobin reduced O2

RBC homeostasis

1. drop in rbc count causes kidneys to become hypoxemic 2.epo production increases 3. stimulates bone marrow 4. increased reticulocyte count 5. RBC count increases in 3-4 days

transferrin

transports iron

hemolysis

rupture of rbcs

anemia

blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity

iron defiency anemia

low hemoglobin content

abnormal hemoglobin

thalassemias

pernicious anemia

B12 defiency

hemorrhagic anemia

acute or chronic loss of blood

hemolytic anemia

RBCs rupture prematurely

aplastic anemia

destruction of red bone marrow

sickle cell

hereditary Hb defect found primarily in AA low oxygen causes RBCs to form a sickle shape and causes agglutination

polycythemia

excess of RBCs

primary polycythemia

cancer of cell line in red bone marrow

secondary polycythemia

caused by ephysema

What determines your blood type?

antigens on your RBCs

What is the #1 rule of blood typing?

you will not make antibodies against your antigen

Type A

A antigens, B antibodies

Type B

B antigens, A antibodies

Type AB

A, B antigens, no antibodies

Type O

no antigens, A, B antibodies

agglutination

clumping of RBCs, not clotting, responsible for mismatched transfusion reactions

What is taken into consideration in blood transfusions?

the antibodies of the recipient and the antigens on the donor

RH Group

forms in RH- people who are exposed to RH+ blood

granulocytes

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

neutriphils

increase during bacterial infections

basophils

increase during chicken pox, diabetes

eosinophils

increase during parasitic infections

agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

lymphocytes

increase during diverse infections and immune response

monocytes

increase during infections and inflammation

leukopenia

low WBC count, caused by radiation, poisons

leukocytosis

high WBC count, caused by infection

platelets

important for clotting and release serotonin

hemostasis

control of bleeding

vascular spasm

a broken vessel constricts after being damaged and platelets release serotonin

platelet plug formation

the broken vessel is exposed to collagen, becomes sticky,and forms pseudopods that stick to the vessel and form a plug

coagulation

prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin is converted into thrombin and it uses fibrinogen to form a mesh

What element is necessary for clotting?

calcium

thrombocytopenia

low number of platelets

thrombosis

abnormal clottng in unbroken vessel, attached to blood vessel wall

embolism

unwanted clot traveling in a vessel left: can affect brain and heart right: can affect lungs

In the CNS, clusters of grey matter containing cell bodies are

nuclei

In the PNS, clusters of grey matter containing cell bodies are

ganglia

Bundles of axons and their myelin sheath in the CNS are

tracts