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Anatomy II > ch.23 urinary > Flashcards

ch.23 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

filter blood
regulate blood volume which alter bp
vitamin D and RBC synthesis
regulate pH

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2
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
bladder
urethra

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3
Q

hilium

A

where the renal artery and nerves enter and where renal veins and ureter exist

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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5
Q

What 2 structures make up the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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6
Q

glomerulus

A

filtrates and collects in capsular space then flows into the renal tubule

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7
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

juxtamedullary and cortical

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8
Q

cortical nephron

A

have short loops of henle

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9
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

longer loops of Henle
concentrates urine

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10
Q

loop of henle

A

conducts urine w/in each nephron

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11
Q

What does the nephron empty into?

A

collecting duct

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12
Q

afferent arteriole

A

supplies blood to the glomerulus

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13
Q

efferent arteriole

A

drains the glomerulus

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14
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

site of renin production

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15
Q

kidney circulation

A

glomerulus–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries–> vasa recta–> interlobar v.–> arcuate v.–> renal veins

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16
Q

What are the 3 steps of urine formation?

A

-glomerulus filtration
-tubular reabsorption/secretion
-water conservation

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17
Q

glomerulus filtration

A

creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

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18
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood

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19
Q

tubular secretion

A

removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate

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20
Q

water conservation

A

removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood and concentrates wastes

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21
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid across the filtration membrane

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22
Q

What can pass through the filtration membrane?

A

water, small molecules, ions but proteins can’t

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23
Q

renal fraction

A

part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys

24
Q

What is the renal blood flow rate?

A

1176 mL/min

25
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

same amount of filtrate produced each minute

26
Q

What 3 components make up the filtration membrane?

A

-fenestrated endothelium
-basement membrane
-filtration slits

27
Q

glomerular capillary pressure

A

BP inside the capillary moves fluid out of the capillary into bowman’s capsule
-50 mmHg

28
Q

What is glomerular capillary pressure responsible for?

A

filtration

29
Q

What is the cause of high glomerular pressure?

A

low resistance to blood flow in afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries

30
Q

What occurs when afferent arterioles are dilated?

A

increases pressure

31
Q

What occurs when afferent arterioles are consricted?

A

pressure decreases

32
Q

What occurs when efferent arterioles are constricted?

A

increase pressure

33
Q

capsule pressure

A

the pressure of filtrate already in the lumen of capsule

34
Q

What is capsule pressure responsible for?

A

reabsorption

35
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure caused by proteins in blood, favors fluid into the capillary

36
Q

What occurs if blood colloid osmotic pressure is increased?

A

reabsorption increases

37
Q

What occurs if the GFR increased?

A

urine output rises causes dehydration and electrolyte depletion

38
Q

What occurs if the GFR is decreased?

A

wastes reabsorbed
azotemia occurs

39
Q

azotemia

A

buildup of wastes

40
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

-kind of autoregulation that occurs when BP increases and it constricts the afferent arterioles to lower BP

41
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

occurs on the macula densa and it monitors the tubular fluid, it signals the juxtaglomerular cells to constrict the afferent arterioles to lower GFR

42
Q

sympathetic control

A

decreases urine output which constricts afferent arterioles

43
Q

renin angiotensin system

A

angiotensin II has widespread vasoconstriction to constrict afferent to lower BP

44
Q

macula densa

A

cells of the distal convoluted tubule in contact w/ afferent arterioles

45
Q

wastes

A

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the bodys needs

46
Q

What is the main waste?

A

urea

47
Q

urea

A

formed by breakdown of proteins

48
Q

uric acid

A

formed by breakdown of nucleic acid

49
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorbs 65% of GF to peritubular capillaries
-major site of reabsorption

50
Q

What are the two routes for reabsorption?

A

transcellular and paracellular

51
Q

transcellular route

A

through epithelial cells

52
Q

paracellular route

A

between cells

53
Q

transport maximum

A

limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubules can reabsorb

54
Q

What occurs if all transporters are occupied?

A

excess solutes appear in urine

55
Q

secretion

A

waste removal of urea, uric, ammonia

56
Q

nephron loop

A

important for water conservation

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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