ch.23 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

apart of the renal tubule
hormones mainly act on here

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2
Q

What hormones act on the distal convoluted tubule?

A

aldosterone, ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide

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3
Q

aldosterone

A

promotes sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption which decreases urine volume and maintains BP

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4
Q

ADh

A

promotes water reabsorption and maintains BP

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5
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

released by right atria
promotes sodium and water excretion increasing urine output and decreasing BP

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6
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood calcium and calcium reabsorption

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7
Q

collecting ducts

A

adjust the concentration of urine

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8
Q

hypotonic urine

A

more water, less salt
water remains in urine, salt reabsorbed

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9
Q

hypertonic urine

A

more salt, less water
dehydration leads to increase in ADh, increases aquaporin channels
more water is reabsorbed and urine is more concentrated

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10
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

on nephron loop, tubule
used to create a high osmolarity gradient

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the countercurrent multiplier?

A

descending limb and ascending limb
urea recycling

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12
Q

descending limb

A

reabsorbs water but not salt

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13
Q

ascending limb

A

reabsorbs sodium, potassium, chloride
maintains high osmolarity

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14
Q

recycling of urea

A

accounts for 40% of high osmolarity of the medulla

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15
Q

countercurrent exchange system

A

formed by vasa recta
maintains concentration gradient using descending capillaries and ascending capillaries

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16
Q

descending capillaries

A

water diffuses out of blood and NaCl diffuses into blood

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17
Q

ascending capillaries

A

water diffuses into blood and NaCl diffuses out of blood

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18
Q

urinalysis

A

the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine

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19
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

20
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

21
Q

What could cloudiness of urine suggest?

A

UTI, trauma

22
Q

What is the normal pH of urine?

A

6

23
Q

What is the osmolarity range of urine?

A

50-1200

24
Q

What is the ratio of water to solutes in urine?

A

95% water, 5% solutes

25
Q

What is abnormal to find in urine?

A

glucose, albumin, blood

26
Q

What is the normal urine volume?

A

1-2L a day

27
Q

polyuria

A

output in excess of 2 L a day

28
Q

oliguria

A

output of less than 500 mL a day

29
Q

anuria

A

0-100 mL

30
Q

osmotic diuresis

A

when more water passes into urine

31
Q

diuretics

A

any chemical that increases urine volume, commonly used to treat hypertension by reducing body fluid volume and BP

32
Q

What is a diuretic that can increase GFR?

A

caffeine which dilates the afferent arteriole

33
Q

What is a diuretic that can reduce tubular reabsorption of water?

A

alcohol which inhibits ADH secretion

34
Q

How do diuretics impact the nephron loop?

A

it impairs the countercurrent multiplier reducing the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

35
Q

ureters

A

extend from each kidney into bladder

36
Q

flap of mucosa

A

on ureter
acts as a valve that keeps the urine from going back into the ureter

37
Q

bladder

A

muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity
has 3 layers which are the parietal peritoneal, muscularis, mucosa

38
Q

What kind of epithelium does the mucosa contain that allows it to fill?

A

transitional

39
Q

urethra

A

tube that conveys urine out of the body

40
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

involuntary smoot muscle

41
Q

external sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

42
Q

How long are the male and female urethras?

A

female is 3-4 cm long, male is 18

43
Q

cystitis

A

infection of the urinary bladder especially common in females

44
Q

pyelitis

A

infection of the renal pelvis

45
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection that reaches the cortex and nephrons resulting from blood-borne bacteria

46
Q

Order of how filtrate moves

A

bowmans capsule–> proximal convoluted tubule–> loop of henle–> distal convoluted tubule

47
Q

what does the renal corpuscle consists of?

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule