ch.23 urinary Flashcards
distal convoluted tubule
apart of the renal tubule
hormones mainly act on here
What hormones act on the distal convoluted tubule?
aldosterone, ADH, atrial natriuretic peptide
aldosterone
promotes sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption which decreases urine volume and maintains BP
ADh
promotes water reabsorption and maintains BP
atrial natriuretic peptide
released by right atria
promotes sodium and water excretion increasing urine output and decreasing BP
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium and calcium reabsorption
collecting ducts
adjust the concentration of urine
hypotonic urine
more water, less salt
water remains in urine, salt reabsorbed
hypertonic urine
more salt, less water
dehydration leads to increase in ADh, increases aquaporin channels
more water is reabsorbed and urine is more concentrated
countercurrent multiplier
on nephron loop, tubule
used to create a high osmolarity gradient
What are the three parts of the countercurrent multiplier?
descending limb and ascending limb
urea recycling
descending limb
reabsorbs water but not salt
ascending limb
reabsorbs sodium, potassium, chloride
maintains high osmolarity
recycling of urea
accounts for 40% of high osmolarity of the medulla
countercurrent exchange system
formed by vasa recta
maintains concentration gradient using descending capillaries and ascending capillaries
descending capillaries
water diffuses out of blood and NaCl diffuses into blood
ascending capillaries
water diffuses into blood and NaCl diffuses out of blood
urinalysis
the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine
pyuria
pus in urine
hematuria
blood in urine
What could cloudiness of urine suggest?
UTI, trauma
What is the normal pH of urine?
6
What is the osmolarity range of urine?
50-1200
What is the ratio of water to solutes in urine?
95% water, 5% solutes
What is abnormal to find in urine?
glucose, albumin, blood
What is the normal urine volume?
1-2L a day
polyuria
output in excess of 2 L a day
oliguria
output of less than 500 mL a day
anuria
0-100 mL
osmotic diuresis
when more water passes into urine
diuretics
any chemical that increases urine volume, commonly used to treat hypertension by reducing body fluid volume and BP
What is a diuretic that can increase GFR?
caffeine which dilates the afferent arteriole
What is a diuretic that can reduce tubular reabsorption of water?
alcohol which inhibits ADH secretion
How do diuretics impact the nephron loop?
it impairs the countercurrent multiplier reducing the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
ureters
extend from each kidney into bladder
flap of mucosa
on ureter
acts as a valve that keeps the urine from going back into the ureter
bladder
muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity
has 3 layers which are the parietal peritoneal, muscularis, mucosa
What kind of epithelium does the mucosa contain that allows it to fill?
transitional
urethra
tube that conveys urine out of the body
internal urethral sphincter
involuntary smoot muscle
external sphincter
skeletal muscle
How long are the male and female urethras?
female is 3-4 cm long, male is 18
cystitis
infection of the urinary bladder especially common in females
pyelitis
infection of the renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
infection that reaches the cortex and nephrons resulting from blood-borne bacteria
Order of how filtrate moves
bowmans capsule–> proximal convoluted tubule–> loop of henle–> distal convoluted tubule
what does the renal corpuscle consists of?
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
