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Anatomy II > ch.22-respiratory > Flashcards

ch.22-respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What type of muscle is responsible for the control of the respiratory system?

A

skeletal

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2
Q

What are the top 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. regulating pH
  3. voice production
  4. olfaction
  5. protection
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3
Q

What enters and leaves the body during gas exchange?

A

oxygen enters blood, CO2 leaves

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4
Q

What is the relationship between CO2 and pH?

A

increasing CO2 decreases pH making it more acidic

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5
Q

What occurs if you increase H+ ions?

A

pH decreases making it more acidic

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6
Q

How does smell occur?

A

airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

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7
Q

What are the functional divisions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting and respiratory

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8
Q

conducting division

A

passages serve mainly for airflow, nostrils to bronchioles

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9
Q

respiratory division

A

have alveoli for gas exchange

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10
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the RS?

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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11
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

organs in head and neck, nose through larynx, pharynx

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12
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

organs of the thorax, trachea through lungs,
larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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13
Q

vestibule

A

inside nares

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14
Q

hard palate

A

floor of nasal cavity

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15
Q

nasal septum

A

portion dividing the nasal cavity, made of hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

conchae

A

bony ridges on lateral walls w/ meatures between, ensure that inspired air comes into contact w/ mucus

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17
Q

functions of nasal cavity

A
  1. passageway of air
  2. cleans the air w/ cilia and mucus
  3. humidifiers air
  4. smell
  5. resonating chambers for speech
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18
Q

pharynx

A

connects nose and mouth to larynx and esophagus

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19
Q

nasopharynx

A

air

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20
Q

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

air and food

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21
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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22
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

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23
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

largest, Adams apple

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24
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

inferior voice box

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25
Q

epiglottis

A

flap that closes to prevent choking

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26
Q

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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27
Q

arytenoids

A

determine length of vocal folds

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28
Q

functions of the larynx

A

-maintain an open passageway for air movement
-prevent swallowed materials from moving into larynx by way of vestibular folds
-sound production

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29
Q

vocal folds

A

important for producing sound

30
Q

trachae

A

supported by hyaline cartilage

31
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange, have macrophages instead of cilia

32
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the respiratory membrane?

A

type 1 and 2 pneumocytes, dust cells

33
Q

type 1 pneumocytes

A

forms 90% of alveolus surface, gas exchange

34
Q

type 2 pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant

35
Q

hilus

A

where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung

36
Q

Pathway to the trachea

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

37
Q

What are the muscles needed for inspiration?

A

diaphragm
external intercostals
pectoralis minor
scalenes

38
Q

quiet inspiration

A

accounts for 2/3 of increase in size of thoracic volume

39
Q

What muscles depress the ribs and sternum for expiration?

A

abdominal muscles
internal intercostals

40
Q

quiet expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals w/ contraction of abdominal muscles

41
Q

visceral pleura

A

lines the outside of the lungs

42
Q

parietal pleura

A

line the chest cavity

43
Q

pleural cavity

A

filled w/ pleural fluid

44
Q

What are the functions of parietal/pleural fluid?

A

reduce friction
create a pressure gradient
compartmentalization

45
Q

What are the structures included in the pulmonary circulation blood supply?

A

pulmonary arteries and veins

46
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

deliver systemic venous blood

47
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zone to the heart

48
Q

What are the structures in the systemic circulation blood supply?

A

bronchial arteries and bronchial veins

49
Q

bronchial arteries

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

50
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

inspiration and expiration

51
Q

inspiration

A

gases flow into the lungs
thoracic volume increases
intrapulmonary volume increases but the pressure drops
atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

52
Q

expiration

A

gases exit the lungs
intrapulmonary volume decreases, but the pressure increases
greater atmospheric pressure

53
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body

54
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in alveoli
increases w/ expiration, decreases w/ inspiration
-lung volume increases

55
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity
always negative
makes sure that lungs remain open

56
Q

What forces promote lung collapse?

A

elastic recoil of lungs decrease size and surface tension of alveolar fluid

57
Q

What forces prevent lung collapse?

A

elasticity of the chest wall

58
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure

59
Q

The greater the transpulmonary pressure….

A

the larger the lungs

60
Q

pneumothorax

A

presence of air in the pleural cavity

61
Q

What occurs if outside pressure is greater than alveolar pressure?

A

air flows into the alveoli

62
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

inversely proportional
as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa

63
Q

What occurs as a result of pressure differences?

A

gases move

64
Q

Why is resistance in the respiratory system insignificant?

A

because of the large airway diameters and progressive branching

65
Q

What happens as airway resistance rises?

A

breathing becomes harder

66
Q

pulmonary compliance

A

the ease with which lungs can be inflated
affected by surface tension and the elastic properties of lungs

67
Q

surface tension

A

thin film of water necessary for gas exchange and creates surface tension that acts to collapse alveoli

68
Q

What effect does surface tension have on lung compliance?

A

decreasing surface tension increases lung compliance

69
Q

surfactant

A

decreases surface tension

70
Q

What 3 factors influence pulmonary ventilation?

A

airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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