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Anatomy II > ch.22 part. 2 > Flashcards

ch.22 part. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

minute ventilation

A

total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute, tidal volume x respiratory rate

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2
Q

dead air

A

cannot exchange gases

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3
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

air that actually ventilates alveoli x respiratory rate

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4
Q

tidal volumes

A

air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet breath
500 ml

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5
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

air in excess of tidal respiration that can be exhaled w/ max effort

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6
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled w/ max effort

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7
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining in lungs after max. expiration
cannot measure w/ spirometer bc we can’t breathe it out

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8
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of useable air
breathe in all you can and breathe out all you can

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9
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

max. amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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10
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

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11
Q

total lung capacity

A

max. amount of air lungs can contain

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12
Q

What is the composition of air?

A

78.6 % of nitrogen
21% of oxygen

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13
Q

What factors affect gas exchange?

A

concentration gradients of gases
gas solubility
membrane thickness
membrane surface area

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14
Q

oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve

A

relationship between percent hemoglobin saturation and percent of oxygen is not linear

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15
Q

What is the normal tissue PO2?

A

40

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16
Q

What is the normal alveolar PO2?

A

100

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17
Q

How does ambient PO2 adjust to metabolic needs?

A

active tissue has less PO2, more O2 is released

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18
Q

how does temp. adjust to metabolic needs?

A

active tissue has increased temp, more O2 is released

19
Q

how does pH and CO2 adjust to metabolic needs?

A

active tissue has increased CO2, which raises H+ and lowers pH and more O2 is released (Bohr effect)

20
Q

How does biphosphoglycerate adjust to metabolic needs?

A

increases body temp

21
Q

In what 3 ways is CO2 transported?

A

bicarbonate (90%)
carbaminohemoglobin (5%)
dissolved gas (5%)

22
Q

systemic gas exchange

A

occurs in the capillary networks of the tissues
- CO2 loads into the blood and O2 unloads into the tissues

23
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin in the systemic gas exchange?

A

buffer

24
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

located in the RBCs and catatlyzes systemic gas exchange reactions

25
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

movement of oxygen and CO2 across the respiratory membrane
- CO2 unloads and O2 loads

26
Q

What occurs as hemoglobin loads O2 in alveolar gas exchange?

A

its affinity for H+ decreases and binds with HCO3-

27
Q

chloride shift

A

keeps the systemic gas reaction proceeding and exchanges HCO3- for CL-

28
Q

reverse chloride shift

A

HCO3- diffuses back into RBC for exchange for Cl-

29
Q

dorsal group

A

integrates input from chemoreceptors and peripheral stretch

30
Q

ventral group

A

rhythm generating and integrative center

31
Q

apnea

A

cessation of breathing

32
Q

hyperventilation

A

causes a decreases in blood PCO2 level,

33
Q

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulus?

A

pH of the CSF

34
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

aortic and carotid bodies

35
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors?

A

in the medulla oblongata and monitor the pH of CSF

36
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

pH is less than 7.35, caused by a failure of pulmonary ventilation

37
Q

How do you correct acidosis?

A

hyperventilate which causes hypocapnia

38
Q

hypercapnia

A

PCO2 is greater than 43mmHg

39
Q

alkalosis

A

pH is greater than 7.45(basic)

40
Q

How do you correct alkalosis?

A

hypoventilate which causes hypercapnia

41
Q

hypoventilation

A

causes an increase in blood PCO2 level

42
Q

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?

A

95mmHg

43
Q

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

A

40mmHg

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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