Chapter 19 - Analgesics, Sedatives, And Hypnotics

Question 1

Analgesics

P. 340

Answer 1

Medications that alleviate pain.

Question 2

Sedatives

P. 340

Answer 2

Controlled Substances used to promote sedation in smaller doses, and some may be used to promote sleep in larger doses.

• are given to calm, soothe, or produce sedation.

Question 3

Hypnotics

P. 340

Answer 3

Drugs that promote sleep.

Question 4

The four most common types of pain reported by the National Center for Health Statistics are:

(P. 340)

Answer 4

• lower back pain
• neck pain
• migraine pain
• facial or jaw pain

Question 5

Pain is subjective:

P. 340-341

Answer 5

It can be experience or perceived only by the individual person.

• perceived by the individual, not observable by others.

Question 6

Endorphins

P. 341

Answer 6

Endogenous, (produced or originating within a cell or organism), analgesics produced within the body as a reaction to severe pain or intense exercise.

• they block the transmission of pain.
• endorphin release may be responsible for a placebo effect: relief from pain as a result of suggestion without the administration of an analgesic.

Question 7

Endogenous

P. 341

Answer 7

Produced or originating within a cell or organism.

Question 8

Placebo effect

P. 341

Answer 8

Relief from pain as the result of congestion without active medication.

Question 9

Opioids

P. 341

Answer 9

A compound resembling opium in addictive properties or physiological effects.

• A controlled substance used to treat moderate-to-severe pain. Such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium.
• include both the natural opium alkaloids (e.g., morphine and codeine), the semisynthetics (e.g., hydromorphone and oxycodone), and the synthetics (e.g., meperidine [Demerol] and fentanyl [Duragesic]).

Question 10

Tolerance

P. 342

Answer 10

Larger dose of opioid is needed to achieve the same level of analgesia.

Question 11

Psychological dependence

P. 342

Answer 11

Physical adaptation of the body to the opioid and withdrawal symptoms after abrupt drug discontinuation.

Question 12

Opioid Antagonists

P. 341 and 591

Answer 12

Drugs used in the treatment of opioid overdoses and in the operating room, delivery room, and newborn nursery for opiate-induced respiratory depression.

• naloxone (Narcan); reversal agent.

Question 13

naloxone (Narcan)

P. 344

Answer 13

• a reversal agent; is used in the treatment of opioid overdoses and in the operating room, delivery room, in newborn nursery for opiate-induced respiratory depression.

Question 14

Opioid agonists

P. 341 and 591

Answer 14

Analgesics; Controlled Substances whose action is similar to Opium in altering the perception of pain; can be natural or synthetic.

Question 15

Nonopioid analgesics

P. 346

Answer 15

Pain medication that are available without prescription as over-the-counter (OTC) medications.

• given for the purposes of relieving mild to moderate pain, fever, and anti inflammatory conditions, for example arthritis.

• aspirin
• ibuprofen
• acetaminophen
• NSAIDS

Question 16

Salicylates analgesic

P. 347

Answer 16

For pain, fever, and Anti-inflammatory actions. (e.g., aspirin [ASA]).

• Causes gastric irritation and bleeding.

Question 17

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

P. 349

Answer 17

Is used extensively in the treatment of mild to moderate pain and fever. It has very little effect on inflammation.

Question 18

Tinnitus

P. 348

Answer 18

Ringing or roaring in the ears.

Question 19

Adjuvant analgesics

P. 349

Answer 19

A drug added to a prescription to hasten or enhance action of a principal ingredient.

Question 20

Coanalgesic

P. 346

Answer 20

Nonopioid analgesic drugs that are combined with opioids for more effective analgesic action in relief of acute or chronic pain.

• (e.g., NSAIDS or acetaminophen)

Question 21

Antipyretic

P. 346

Answer 21

Medication to reduce fever.

Question 22

Tramadol (Ultram)

P. 344

Answer 22

Is a centrally acting synthetic analog of codeine with a dual mechanism of action. It produces analgesia by weak inhibition of norepinephrine serotonin reuptake and is in opioid receptor Agonist.

• Scheduled III controlled substance.

Question 23

Paradoxical reaction

P. 359 and 592

Answer 23

Opposite effect from that expected.

Question 24

Migraine

P. 354

Answer 24

Is the most common neurovascular headache and may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or noise.

• Migraines (and most other forms of headache) respond best when treated early.
• Typically, patients who experience chronic migraines will have an aura before the migraine occurs that can help warn them a migraine is about to occur.

Question 25

Medical marijuana (Cannabis)

P. 359

Answer 25

Refers to the illegal prescribed use of cannabis or its synthetic derivatives (cannabinoids) to treat a disease with symptoms of chronic pain, nausea, and severe decreased appetite.

• treatments are considered as a treatment option most commonly in end of life situations where palliative care is a priority, orange severe diseases like cancer and HIV/AIDS.