Chapter 11 - Vitamins, Minerals, And Herbs

Question 1

Antioxidants

P. 181 and 584

Answer 1

Inhibits cell destruction in damaged or aging tissues caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals.

• sometimes referred to as “anticancer Foods” or “natural drugs”.

Question 2

Toxicity

P. 163 and 595

Answer 2

Condition resulting from exposure to a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug.

Question 3

U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances (U.S. RDAs)

P. 157 and 595

Answer 3

Vitamins and minerals necessary for the maintenance of good nutrition in the average healthy adults under normal living conditions in the United States.

Question 4

Water-soluble vitamins

P. 163 and 596

Answer 4

B-complex vitamins and vitamin C.

Question 5

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

P. 158

Answer 5

Are a system of nutrition recommendations from The Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences composed of RDAs, AIs, and ULs listed here.

Question 6

Indications for vitamin and mineral supplements include the following:

(P. 158)

Answer 6

• Inadequate diet.
▪ because of anorexia, weight reduction, or other special diets, illness, alcoholism, or poor eating habits

• Malabsorption syndromes.
▪ chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders or surgery that results in chronic diarrhea

• increase need for certain nutrients.
▪ as in pregnancy and lactation (especially iron, folic acid, and calcium), infants under 1 year of age, adolescents, older adults, debilitation, illness, unusual physical activity, and postmenopausal women (calcium)

• deficiency due to medication interactions.
▪ for example, potassium deficiency with the use of diuretics

Question 7

Adequate intake (AI)

P. 157

Answer 7

Is based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by healthy people and used when data to calculate an RDA are insufficient.

Question 8

Electrolytes

P. 171 and 587

Answer 8

Minerals dissolved in the body fluids.

Question 9

Fat-soluble vitamins

P. 159

Answer 9

Are vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Question 10

Herbal

P. 182 and 589

Answer 10

Plants and other substances occurring naturally that are available over-the-counter and are non-FDA regulated.

Question 11

Hyperkalemia

P. 174 and 589

Answer 11

• Excessive potassium in the blood.

* abnormally low blood potassium; can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.

Question 12

Minerals

P. 171

Answer 12

Are chemical elements occurring in nature and in body fluids. The correct balance of each is required for the maintenance of Health.

• minerals dissolved in the body fluids are called electrolytes because they carry positive or negative electrical charges required for body activities, Such as conduction of nerve impulses, beating of the heart, skeletal muscle contraction, absorption of nutrients from the GI tract, protein synthesis, energy production, blood formation, and many other body processes.

Question 13

Overdoses

P. 158 and 592

Answer 13

A higher than normal amount sufficient to cause toxicity.

Question 14

Supplements

P. 158 and 594

Answer 14

Are required for a person’s optimal function and health.

• products intended for ingestion as in addition to the diet.

Question 15

Symptoms of overdose

P. 160 and 594

Answer 15

Symptoms caused by a higher than normal amount of drugs sufficient to cause toxicity.

Question 16

Deficiency

P. 158 and 587

Answer 16

Lacking adequate amount.