Chapter 15 - Urinary System Drugs Flashcards
Terminology
Diuretics
P. 241
Increase urine excretion.
Calculus
P. 242
(stone) formation in those with hypercalciuria (excess calcium in the urine).
Hypokalemia
P. 242 and 244
Potassium deficiency. Excessive potassium retention.
Hypercalciuria
P. 242
Excess calcium in the urine.
Hyponatremia
P. 242
Low serum sodium level.
Hypercalcemia
P. 242
Abnormally high blood calcium level.
Loop Diuretics
P. 243
Act directly on the loop of henle in the kidney to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption, which in turn inhibits water re-absorption back into the bloodstream, leading to increased urine formation.
Osmotic agents
P. 245
Are most frequently used to reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure. (e.g., mannitol)
Gout
P. 247
Is a form of arthritis and a metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of uric crystals in various joints (especially the big toe, ankle, knee, and elbow), tissues, and sometimes the kidneys, with resultant inflammation and pain.
Uricosuric agents
P. 248
Act on the kidneys by blocking reabsorption and thereby promoting urinary excretion of uric acid.
• probenecid; this type of drug is used in the treatment of chronic cases of gout and frequent disabling attacks of gouty arthritis.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
P. 249
Is another medication used to treat chronic gout.
Overactive bladder (OAB)
P. 250
Is a condition characterized by to urinary symptoms Frequency and urgency.
- frequency is defined as having to urinate more than 8 times in 24 hours.
- urgency means the sudden need to urinate.
Antispasmodics
P. 250
Are used to increase the capacity and decrease the urgency of the urinary bladder.
Bladder Antispasmodics are anticholinergic in action,
P. 250
tolterdine (Detrol) and oxybutynin, are used to decrease bladder tone and suppress bladder contractions in patients with neurogenic bladder, resulting in decreased incontinence.
Mirabegron (Myrbetriq)
P. 251
Is the newest bladder antispasmodic, which stimulates beta 3 receptors in the bladder to increase bladder capacity.
Bethanechol (Urecholine)
P. 251
Is a cholinergic drug, stimulating parasympathetic nerve to bring about contraction of the urinary bladder in cases of non-obstructive urinary retention, usually post-operatively for postpartum.
• it has been called the pharmacological catheterization.
Phenazopyridine (AZO Standard)
P. 252
Is in oral urinary analgesic or local anesthetic for urinary tract mucosa.
• it is used ONLY for symptomatic relief while waiting to see a physician and is not a substitute for the treatment of causative conditions.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
P. 252
Are characterized by symptoms that include increased frequency of urination or sudden urge to urinate, burning while urinating, cloudy or strong smelling urine, and possible pain in the lower abdominal area.
- UTI’s can often present with psychological symptoms that include confusion and delirium.
- Antibiotic Macrobid is commonly used to treat UTIs.
A side effect of phenazopyridine, although rare is….
P. 253
Discoloration of bodily fluids, including orange-red urine (common), which may stain fabric, and causes discoloration of contact lenses.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
P. 253
Is the most common benign tumor in men. BPH involved hyperplasia (an increase in number of cells) leading to prostate enlargement, which interferes with urinary flow.
Antiandrogens
P. 254 and 584
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs that are used to treat prostate cancer.
Alpha-blockers
P. 254
are used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as for BPH.
• Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Combination therapy with an antiandrogen (Proscar) and an alpha-blocker (Cardura)…
(P. 254)
In patients with large prostate may significantly reduce the overall clinical progression of BPH and may reduce the need for invasive therapy compared to either agent alone (more data is needed, however).
