Chapter 15 - Urinary System Drugs

Question 1

Diuretics

P. 241

Answer 1

Increase urine excretion.

Question 2

Calculus

P. 242

Answer 2

(stone) formation in those with hypercalciuria (excess calcium in the urine).

Question 3

Hypokalemia

P. 242 and 244

Answer 3

Potassium deficiency. Excessive potassium retention.

Question 4

Hypercalciuria

P. 242

Answer 4

Excess calcium in the urine.

Question 5

Hyponatremia

P. 242

Answer 5

Low serum sodium level.

Question 6

Hypercalcemia

P. 242

Answer 6

Abnormally high blood calcium level.

Question 7

Loop Diuretics

P. 243

Answer 7

Act directly on the loop of henle in the kidney to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption, which in turn inhibits water re-absorption back into the bloodstream, leading to increased urine formation.

Question 8

Osmotic agents

P. 245

Answer 8

Are most frequently used to reduce intracranial or intraocular pressure. (e.g., mannitol)

Question 9

Gout

P. 247

Answer 9

Is a form of arthritis and a metabolic disorder characterized by the accumulation of uric crystals in various joints (especially the big toe, ankle, knee, and elbow), tissues, and sometimes the kidneys, with resultant inflammation and pain.

Question 10

Uricosuric agents

P. 248

Answer 10

Act on the kidneys by blocking reabsorption and thereby promoting urinary excretion of uric acid.

• probenecid; this type of drug is used in the treatment of chronic cases of gout and frequent disabling attacks of gouty arthritis.

Question 11

Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

P. 249

Answer 11

Is another medication used to treat chronic gout.

Question 12

Overactive bladder (OAB)

P. 250

Answer 12

Is a condition characterized by to urinary symptoms Frequency and urgency.

• frequency is defined as having to urinate more than 8 times in 24 hours.
• urgency means the sudden need to urinate.

Question 13

Antispasmodics

P. 250

Answer 13

Are used to increase the capacity and decrease the urgency of the urinary bladder.

Question 14

Bladder Antispasmodics are anticholinergic in action,

P. 250

Answer 14

tolterdine (Detrol) and oxybutynin, are used to decrease bladder tone and suppress bladder contractions in patients with neurogenic bladder, resulting in decreased incontinence.

Question 15

Mirabegron (Myrbetriq)

P. 251

Answer 15

Is the newest bladder antispasmodic, which stimulates beta 3 receptors in the bladder to increase bladder capacity.

Question 16

Bethanechol (Urecholine)

P. 251

Answer 16

Is a cholinergic drug, stimulating parasympathetic nerve to bring about contraction of the urinary bladder in cases of non-obstructive urinary retention, usually post-operatively for postpartum.

• it has been called the pharmacological catheterization.

Question 17

Phenazopyridine (AZO Standard)

P. 252

Answer 17

Is in oral urinary analgesic or local anesthetic for urinary tract mucosa.

• it is used ONLY for symptomatic relief while waiting to see a physician and is not a substitute for the treatment of causative conditions.

Question 18

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

P. 252

Answer 18

Are characterized by symptoms that include increased frequency of urination or sudden urge to urinate, burning while urinating, cloudy or strong smelling urine, and possible pain in the lower abdominal area.

• UTI’s can often present with psychological symptoms that include confusion and delirium.
• Antibiotic Macrobid is commonly used to treat UTIs.

Question 19

A side effect of phenazopyridine, although rare is….

P. 253

Answer 19

Discoloration of bodily fluids, including orange-red urine (common), which may stain fabric, and causes discoloration of contact lenses.

Question 20

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

P. 253

Answer 20

Is the most common benign tumor in men. BPH involved hyperplasia (an increase in number of cells) leading to prostate enlargement, which interferes with urinary flow.

Question 21

Antiandrogens

P. 254 and 584

Answer 21

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs that are used to treat prostate cancer.

Question 22

Alpha-blockers

P. 254

Answer 22

are used in the treatment of hypertension, as well as for BPH.

• Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Question 23

Combination therapy with an antiandrogen (Proscar) and an alpha-blocker (Cardura)…

(P. 254)

Answer 23

In patients with large prostate may significantly reduce the overall clinical progression of BPH and may reduce the need for invasive therapy compared to either agent alone (more data is needed, however).