Chapter 19 Flashcards
What is militarism?
Glorification of the military
Who was Francis Ferdinand?
Archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated in 1914.
Who was William II?
The German emperor
What was the Western Front?
Battle front between the Allies and Central Powers in Western Europe during WWI
What is a casualty?
Killed, wounded, or missing soldier
What is contraband?
Supplies captured from an enemy during wartime
What is a U-Boat?
German submarine
What was the Lusitania?
British passenger ship sunk by a German U-Boat during WWI
What was the Zimmerman note?
A telegram in which the German foreign minister Zimmerman proposed an alliance with Mexico against the United States
What Five factors made Europe a “powder keg”
Nationalism Imperialism Economic Rivalries Imperial Ambitions Regional Tensions
What did Nationalism do to Europe?
Caused a desire to avenge perceived insults and past losses
Questioned the loyalty of ethnic minorities
Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” was applied to countries
What did Militarism do to the countries involved in WWI?
Combined with Nationalism, it created an arms race.
Countries competed in stockpiling new technology, weaponry, airplanes, ships, etc.
Greater troops.
Wha did the assassination of Francis Ferdinand trigger?
Alliance system caused fighting to spread after Serbia wouldn’t investigate into Ferdinand’s assassination.
Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia
Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary
What country did Germany invade to attack France? What occurred?
They invaded Belgium;
Stopped 30 miles from Paris.
France and Germany created a series of trenches
Fighting occurred: Western Front
What occurred between the two sides on the Western front?
Stalemate: equal improvements in technology, heavy defenses, paired with trench warfare created a stalemate.
What did President Wilson think about WWI?
Urged the people to remain neutral
Long tradition of staying out of European conflicts
Despite this, many Americans had been born in Europe and sided with one or the other
What were the 3 main groups that Americans fell into during the beginning of WWI?
Isolationists: favored staying out of the war
Interventionists: favored fighting on the Allies’ side
Internationalists: wanted the United States to play a role for peace but not fight
What did Britain do/what was their strategy at the beginning of WWI?
They blocked Germany in order to intercept contraband goods.
Germany responded by trying to blockade Britain.
What two events led to America becoming involved in WWI?
The Zimmerman Note
Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking any ships headed for Britain
When did America declare war on Germany?
April 2, 1917
What was the Selective Service Act?
Law that established a military draft in 1917
Who was Bernard Baruch?
Head of the War Industries Board
Regulated businesses related to the war effort
What was the Committee of Public Information?
CPI
Government agency created during WWI to encourage Americans to support the war
Propaganda
“Sell the war” (persuade the people)
What was Alsace-Lorraine?
The French region lost to German states in 1871
Who was George Creel?
Director of the CPI (Committee on Public Information)
What is a Conscientious Objector?
A person whose moral or religious views forbid participation in war
What was the Espionage Act?
Act passed in 1917 enacting severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities.
What was the Great Migration?
Movement of African Americans in the 20th century from the rural South to the industrial North (mostly due to booming war industry)
How did WWI affect Americans at home?
The Federal Government played a larger role in the life of the people.
Ex) Bernard Baruch (War Industries Board)
Regulated war-related industry
Only allowed during war; otherwise the government was not involved in business as much
What did the government do to support its troops?
Oversaw food production, fuel distribution, and railroads
Regulated war-related business (War Industries Board)
The Food Administration led by Hoover set prices for Agricultural products
What opportunity did WWI offer women?
Job opportunities: jobs left by men were filled by women and thriving industry offered even more jobs
Name two women who opposed the war/what they did
Jeannette Rankin: pacifist, only woman in Congress
Jane Addams: formed the Women’s Peace Party and the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
What effect did war enthusiasm have on America? (Specific people?)
War enthusiasm led to a dislike towards German-Americans
Hamburgers became “Liberty steaks”
Dachshunds became “Liberty pups”
People stopped playing music by German composers
Schools stopped learning German
What opportunity did WWI offer for African Americans?
Thriving war industry offered jobs in the Industrial North:
Led to Great Migration
What effect did women running the war industry have on America?
Women showed their abilities in the workplace: convinced Wilson to support their right to vote
What is a convoy?
A group of ships that traveled together for protection against German U-Boats
Who was Vladimir Lenin?
Radical communist leader who took over Russia in March 1917, overthrowing Nicholas and Alexandra
Russian Revolution
Who was John J. Pershing?
General who led American forces in Europe
In charge of the AEF: American Expeditionary Force
What were the Fourteen Points?
Wilson’s plan for lasting peace through international openness and cooperation
What is self-determination?
The right of people to choose their own form of government
What was the League of Nations?
World organization to promote peaceful cooperation between countries
Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?
Republican Senator who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles
What are reparations?
Payments for war damages:
America demanded these from Germany after the end of WWI
Who were “Irreconcilables”?
Senate isolationists who opposed any treaty that included a League of Nations
Who were “Reservationists”?
Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles as written but were open to compromise.
What factors gave the Central Powers an advantage on land?
- The Allies were exhausted from years of fighting
- Russia was torn apart by revolutions at home
- Communists gained control of Russia (Lenin signed a treaty with Germany, ending Russia’s involvement in the war)
- The closing of the Eastern front allowed Germany to send more troops to the Western front
What effect did the American soldiers have on WWI?
Gave the Allies a military advantage
They had previously been worn down
What led to the end of WWI?
By the Fall of 1918, the German front was collapsing.
Many Austro-Hungarian soldiers were deserted, mutinied, or refused to fight
Germany surrender to the allies 11/11/1918
How many total died by the end of WWI?
20 million people
What ended up happening with the Treaty of Versailles?
Wilson died of a stroke and upon his death, the Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Without support from American, the League of Nations was unable to promote peace amongst the nations.
What was influenza?
The flu virus
What was inflation?
Rising prices
What was the Red Scare?
Widespread fear of radicals and communists (Vladimir Lennin)
What were the Palmer Raids?
A series of raids, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals, most of whom ever received a trial.
Who were Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti?
Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them
Who was Warren G. Harding?
Elected president in 1920 by promising Americans a “return to normalcy”
What is a creditor nation?
A nation that lends more money than it borrows
What caused Inflation in the US after WWI? What effect did Inflation have?
Scarcity of consumer goods and high demand
Caused worker unrest: strike for higher pay and shorter workdays
What led to the Red Scare?
- Violent strikes
- The emergence of the Soviet Union as a communist country
- A series of mail bombs targeting industrialists and government officials
Who launched the Palmer Raids and why?
General A. Mitchell Palmer after receiving a mail bomb
What position was America in after WWI?
- Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires no longer existed
- Germany and Russia had new forms of government
- Other Nations were weakened
- America emerged as the world’s economic center and largest Creditor Nation
