Chapter 19-20 Flashcards
National Identity
characteristics that make a nation
Holocaust
comes from a word that means a fire that burns something completely. Nazis massacred more than six million Jews and Poles during WWII
ghetto
an area of a city where Jews were forced to live during the Holocaust
Solidarity
an independent Polish workers’ labor union
velvet revolution
a revolution without bloodshed
privatization
the process of selling government-owned industries and businesses to private owners who can run them better
collective farms
in Slovakia, private ownership of farms ended, and and workers were paid by the government and shared the profits from their work
balkanize
to break up into small, mutually hostile political units
entrepreneurs
go-getters individuals who start and build business
multiplier effect
the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs in an economy
taiga
land of little sticks - trees do not grow well
tundra
very cold, desert-like region, very small plants and animals
steppes
broad open stretches south of forests
chernozem
means “black earth” refers to soil in russian steppes
permafrost
permanently frozen soil
Siberia
the Asian expanse of Russia
Czars
russian kings. name comes from the title caesar
communism
government controls almost all aspects of life
soviet
governing council
glasnost
policy that allowed citizens and news media to say what they wanted without fear of government persecution
perestroika
economic restructuring from command economy to private ownership
command economy
one in which central authority decides what goods will be produced
Which group conquered the Poles most recently?
soviets?
Capital of Poland
Warsaw
most of Poland is covered by
farmland - open field
Before WWII how many Jews were in Poland?
more than 3 million
after WWII how many Jews lived in Poland?
about 9,000
Population of Jews changed because
almost all Polish Jews were killed by the Nazis during WWII
What happened in the Warsaw ghetto?
When the Jews in the Warsaw ghetto rebelled, the Nazis killed everyone living there and burned it to the ground
How many concentration camps in Poland?
six
Who took over Poland after the Nazis?
the soviets
The catholic Church
maintained unity for the Polish people
Solidarity
a Polish workers’ union that brought about the first free elections in 1989
Czech Republic Capital
Prague
1993
Czech Republic became a nation
Austrian Hapsburg Monarchs
ruled the czech people for nearly 400 years
the declining influence of soviet union in the 1980s spurred
the velvet revolution
when did czechozlavakia peacefully split
1993
two regions of the Czech Republic
Bohemia and Moravia
Slovakia became and independent nation in
1993
slovakia is also known as
Slovak Republic
Capital of Slovakia
Bratislava
traditionally an agricultural region
Slovakia
Manufacturing in Slovakia was not important until
the communists came to power after WWII
about 90% of Hungarians came from
Magyars
Capital of Hungary
Budapest
birth of Hungary
the year 1000 when the pope crowned king Stephen
river that divides Hungary in two
Danube
breadbasket of Europe
The Great Alfold (in Hungary)
what process took place after WWI in the Balkans
Balkanize - to break up into small, mutually hostile political units
Who ruled the Balkans for 500 years?
the Turks
Capital of Romania
Bucharest
who made small fortunes selling soft drinks in romania
entrepreneurs
multiplier effect n soft drink example
new jobs were added
Capital of Bulgaria
Sofia
known as the garden of Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Capital of Albania
Tirana
known as Europe’s hermit
Albania
3 countries that make up Baltic States
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Baltic states benefit from
location
Capital of Russia
Moscow
largest country in terms of land area
Russia
mountain range that divides Europe and Asia
Ural Mountains
highest mountain range in RUssia
Caucasus Mountains
Ural Mountains important because
valuable minerals
Europe’s longest River
Volga River
World’s largest lake
the Caspian Sea
two types of climate in most of Russia
subarctic or continental
National symbol of Russia
brown bear
chernozem
“black earth” found in steppes
Siberia
Asian expanse of Russia
Natural resources in Siberia
hard to gather because of harsh climate and terrain
Monguls (Tatars and Golden Horde)
took over Russia in 1237, ruled for 150 years
Russian princes
Czars
Peter the Great
moved russian capital to St. Petersburg
Catherine the great
extended russian control to the west
Napolean
Challenged Russia in 1812, failed partly because of harsh winter
serfdom
abolished in 1861
February 1917
severe food shortage and russian defeats in WWI led to riots in st. Petersburg
during St petersburg riots, czar abdicated his throne when
government troops joined riots
New government built principles on
Karl Marx’s ideas
communism
government controls all aspects of life
Supreme soviet located at
Moscow
soviet
governing councils
standard of living remained poor in Soviet Russia
no freedom
June 1941
German troops attack Russia, failed partly because of harsh winters
Russians called WWII
Great Patriotic War - more than 20 million russians died
Cold War
Russia and US compete for power and strength
Mikhail GOrbachev
brought new freedoms to Russia (Glasnost and Perestroika)
First democratic election in Russia
1991 - Boris Yeltsin
Russian President today
Vladimir Putin
