Chapter 18 - Programming and Fading Flashcards
Moore and Goldiamond (1964) had the correct answer light up while the incorrect answers remained dark. They always used the same problem with the same correct answer. They reinforced pushing the correct answer but ignored pushing the incorrect answer. They then gradually increased the brightness of the incorrect answers until they were as bright as the correct answer. What behavioral procedure were they using when they gradually made the correct and incorrect answers equally bright? ___________
fading
Fading is the use of a prompt to establish a specific __________.
discrimination
A method for gradually changing a behavior is called [a] a method for gradually changing one stimulus is called [b]
shaping; fading
Roger was shown a picture of a red ant and the words “This is a r–d ant” (he had been taught to fill in such a blank). Next he got a picture of a red ant and the words “This is a r– ant.” After each problem, Roger was given an M&M if he filled in the blank correctly and was ignored if he got it wrong. As the sequence developed, fewer letters in the word “red” were given to him. Those letters would be called a(n) __________.
prompt
Marvin ignored Sheila when he was using the headphones to listen to his new stereo. Marvin gave her a lot of attention when he was listening to the stereo without headphones. Sheila started sitting next to Marvin only when he did not have the headphones on. What behavioral procedure influenced when Sheila sat next to Marvin? __________
discrimination training
Her workbook showed Carol pictures of many red objects: ants, balls, houses, fire engines. It asked her: “What color is this?” _____. The book reinforced Carol for writing “red’ for the series of objects. At first, the question had one or more of the letters in “red” attached to the blank as a clue. But the book gradually eliminated these letters. Eventually, Carol could label an object as red even when she had not seen it before and had no prompt. What behavioral procedure did the book use to teach Carol to label red objects as “red?” __________.
programming
Mr. Hearthstone taught Greg to sing middle C by first playing the note loudly on the piano and asking Greg to copy it, which he could do easily. Mr. Hearthstone then played the note more and more softly until Greg was singing the note without any reminder from the piano. What procedure did Mr. Hearthstone use? _________
fading
The temporary use of a prompt to establish a generalization is called __________.
programming
Define a prompt.
An added stimulus that increases the probability of making the correct response
Programmed instruction requires a written response, provides immediate __________ in the correctness of the response, and uses small steps.
reinforcement
Define the procedure of fading
The temporary use of a prompt to establish a specific discrimination.
To use the stimulus control strategy to help solve human problems, (3) create new stimulus control by temporarily using __________.
prompt
The temporary use of a prompt to establish a generalization is called _________.
programming
The gradual elimination of a prompt when teaching a discrimination is called _________.
fading
what is concept formation
a stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between between class of stimuli
ex. chair vs. table
