Chapter 11 - Shaping

Question 1

Renne and Creer (1976) gave David a ticket at first for looking at the dial 4 times out of 15 breaths; that would be called a(n) __________ to their ultimate goal of looking at it for all 15 breaths.

Answer 1

approximation

Question 2

Kerr’s teachers showed interest in his reading during the first month of school. As soon as Kerr finished a reading, they asked him to report on what he had learned. During later months, they lost their enthusiasm and stopped asking him for reports. Kerrstopped reading. What behavioral procedure were they using when they stopped asking him about his reading? __________

Answer 2

extinction

Question 3

Dr. Franklin used a portable railing for Bobby to lean on and learn to walk again. She moved this farther and farther away from Bobby until he stood on his own and actually walked. She first reinforced Bobby just for standing with his weight on the railing, then reinforced him only when he leaned a little, and finally reinforced him only when he stood on his own. She was using what behavioral procedure to change Bobby’s behavior? __________

Answer 3

shaping

Question 4

For a situation to involve shaping, two conditions must be met: (a) a(n) [a] must be specified; and (b) differential reinforcement must be applied to a series of [b]

Answer 4

target behavior; approximation

Question 5

Bobby was trying to pronounce it correctly, but the best he could say say was “refrigelator.” June, his mom, praised him for saying it so well. “Refrigelator” would be called a(n) __________ to June’s target behavior of “refrigerator.”

Answer 5

approximation

Question 6

At first, Mary dreamed about John only after they had been discussing their problems. Later, Mary dreamed about John only after they had a mild fight. Finally, she dreamed about him only after they had a terrible, screaming fight. What behavioral procedure accounts for the increasing severity of John and Mary’s fights? ___________

Answer 6

shaping

Question 7

Dave’s coach praised him only after he swam the 100-yard freestyle in under 50 seconds but ignored him when he swam it in over 50 seconds. Dave soon got so he could do it. What behavioral procedure was his coach using? __________

Answer 7

differential reinforcement

Question 8

Explain how you use differential reinforcement within shaping

Answer 8

Shaping uses differential reinforcement applied to a series of approximations to you target

Question 9

John’s teacher helped him overcome acting like a loner. At first the teacher paid attention to him only when he looked at other children, then only when he was near them, and finally only when he was playing with them. What procedure did the teacher use to modify John’s loner behavior? __________

Answer 9

shaping

Question 10

Sammy’s mother praised him every time that he took out the garbage, and he did so regularly. When he was 12, she stopped praising him, feeling that he was old enough to accept responsibility. Sammy’s rate of taking out the trash rapidly decreased after that. What behavioral procedure did Sammy’s mother inadvertently use to reduce his rate of taking out the garbage? _________

Answer 10

extinction

Question 11

The term shaping is used to describe a particular use of what behavioral procedure that involves reinforcement? _________

Answer 11

differential reinforcement

Question 12

Dean taught Jason to hit badminton shots at least three steps away from Dean. Here’s how he did it. First, Dean praised Jason only when he hit a shot at least one step away from him. Next, he praised Jason only when he hit a shot two steps from him. Finally, he praised Jason only wen he hit a shot three steps away from him. Hitting a shot one step away from Dean is called a(n) __________ to hitting a shot three steps away from Dean.

Answer 12

approximation

Question 13

By giving tickets to David only when he looked at the dial 4 out of 15 times, then only when he looked at the dial 5 out of 15, and then changing that criterion until completely correct use developed, Renne and Creer (1976) were using what behavioral procedure? __________

Answer 13

shaping

Question 14

Tom smoked only 15 cigarettes yesterday, and Vera praised his willpower mightily. Vera was sure that such praise would help Tom learn to stop smoking altogether. Stopping smoking would be called Vera’s __________

Answer 14

target behavior

Question 15

Explain what an approximation is

Answer 15

One of a series of behaviors that is successively more like some target behavior

Question 16

Tactic #4 is using the reinforcement strategy to solve human problems is create new behavior through __________.

Answer 16

shaping

Question 17

A behavior that is similar to a target behavior would be called a(n) __________.

Answer 17

approximation

Question 18

Shaping begins with a selection of an ultimate goal called a(n) __________.

Answer 18

target behavior

Question 19

Define Shaping

Answer 19

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to some target behavior

Question 20

Renne and Creer (1976) attempted to teach the correct use of inhalation equipment to asthmatic children. The correct use of the equipment would be called the __________ of their experiment.

Answer 20

target behavior

Question 21

Tactic #2 in using the reinforcement strategy to solve human problems is to increase desired behavior through

Answer 21

extinction

Question 22

Tactic #3 in using the reinforcement strategy to solve human problems is to increase desired behavior through

Answer 22

differential reinforcement