Chapter 18 Multiple Choice

Question 1

France during the eighteenth century

Answer 1

Lost an empire and acquired a huge public debt

Question 2

Political developments in the eighteenth century Britain included

Answer 2

The increased power of the king’s ministers to make public policies

Question 3

The British aristocracy of the eighteenth century

Answer 3

Allowed the monarchy to maintain some power because of its own factional struggles

Question 4

In the eighteenth century Prussia’s

Answer 4

Bureaucracy and military were dominated by Junkers

Question 5

Prussia’s Frederick the Great succeeded in

Answer 5

Making Prussia’s scattered lands more unified and secure

Question 6

The War of Austrian Succession was caused by the fact that in 1740 the heir to the Austrian throne was a

Answer 6

Woman, Maria Theresa

Question 7

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

Answer 7

Was discouraged by the discontent that greeted his reforms

Question 8

The reforms of Joseph II included all of the following except

Answer 8

Construction of internal trade barriers

Question 9

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
b. the waning of monarchical power.
c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
d. “enlightened absolutism” establish its deepest roots in France.
e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.

Answer 9

c.

Question 10

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right

a. remained a strong basis for government.
b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government.
c. was replaced by the idea of “enlightened absolutism” justified by utilitarian arguments.
d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria.
e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

Answer 10

c.

Question 11

France in the eighteenth century

a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Answer 11

d.

Question 12

Louis XV’s most famous mistress was

a. Marie Antoinette.
b. Madame de Pompadour.
c. Mary Wollstonecraft.
d. Madame Guillotine.
e. Comtesse de Boigne.

Answer 12

b.

Question 13

In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were

a. appointed by the King.
b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
c. chosen in different ways in different districts.
d. elected by a vote of all adult males.
e. elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.

Answer 13

c.

Question 14

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

a. good job.
b. pocket borough.
c. sinecure.
d. tenured seat.
e. gerrymander.

Answer 14

b.

Question 15

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

a. established a system of male democracy.
b. saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
c. continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
e. permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Answer 15

d.

Question 16

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was

a. the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy.
b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.
c. an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great.
d. social mobility for the peasants through the civil service.
e. the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

Answer 16

b.

Question 17

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

a. saw the size of its army diminish.
b. reduced the size and scope of government.
c. witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts.
d. failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy.
e. became a highly centralized European state.

Answer 17

e.

Question 18

Under Frederick II “the Great” of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

a. high-ranking Lutheran churchmen.
b. members of the nobility.
c. university-educated bureaucrats.
d. French philosophes.
e. commoners who showed outstanding ability.

Answer 18

b.

Question 19

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II

a. reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph’s mother, Maria Theresa.
b. rescinded all of Hungary’s privileges.
c. saw the nobility’s power permanently stripped away.
d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph’s enlightened but radical reforms.
e. saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

Answer 19

d.

Question 20

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

Answer 20

b.

Question 21

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

a. succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
b. succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
c. instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
e. abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Answer 21

d.

Question 22

Catherine the Great of Russia

a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
b. instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
c. weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
d. successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
e. established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Answer 22

a.

Question 23

Pugachev’s rebellion broke out after

a. a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland.
b. Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine.
c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.
d. Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army.
e. Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people.

Answer 23

c.

Question 24

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland:

a. Austria
b. Prussia
c. England
d. Russia
e. a and c

Answer 24

c.

Question 25

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century

a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors.
b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko.
c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.
d. resulted from the Polish king’s repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors.
e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.

Answer 25

c.

Question 26

During the eighteenth century, Spain

a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.
b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed.
c. fought a series of successful wars against France.
d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba.
e. lost all of its American colonies.

Answer 26

a.

Question 27

Labeled as “one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age” and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was

a. Charles III of Spain.
b. Joseph II of Austria.
c. Gustavus III of Sweden.
d. Frederick William I of Prussia.
e. George III of Great Britain.

Answer 27

c.

Question 28

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century

a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.
b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices.
c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility.
d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states.
e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.

Answer 28

a.

Question 29

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that

a. sea power was the basis of real power.
b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
c. a country’s empire determined its greatness.
d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country’s success in foreign policy.
e. the largest army always wins.

Answer 29

b.

Question 30

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of

a. Transylvania.
b. Bavaria.
c. Silesia.
d. Bohemia.
e. Haupstadt.

Answer 30

c.

Question 31

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

a. Eleanor.
b. Elizabeth.
c. Marie Antoinette
d. Maria Theresa
e. Zita.

Answer 31

d.

Question 32

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of

a. Hungary, and fought the Spanish.
b. Galicia, and took on the Bohemians.
c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance.
d. Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England.
e. Venice, and invaded Italy.

Answer 32

c.

Question 33

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

a. War of the Austrian Succession.
b. The French and Indian War.
c. The Seven Years’ War.
d. Queen Anne’s War.
e. The Crimean War.

Answer 33

c.

Question 34

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France

a. gained India.
b. lost California.
c. gained the Ohio River Valley.
d. gained Louisiana.
e. lost Canada.

Answer 34

e.

Question 35

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by

a. the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland.
b. ideological fervor leading to bloody battles.
c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.
d. massive direct confrontations and pitched battles.
e. extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.

Answer 35

c.

Question 36

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was

a. Prussia.
b. Austria.
c. Russia.
d. France.
e. Great Britain.

Answer 36

e.

Question 37

European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century

a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia.
b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates.
c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases.
d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.

Answer 37

d.

Question 38

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except

a. a decline in the death rate.
b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes.
c. the end of typhus and smallpox.
d. the end of the bubonic plague.
e. an increase in women who married during their child-bearing years.

Answer 38

c.

Question 39

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was

a. Britain’s capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.
b. a lower total amount of British government debt.
c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain.
d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France.
e. the abolishment of the Bank of England’s influence in economic matters.

Answer 39

a.

Question 40

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family except

a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
b. the use of wet nurses.
c. the decline in the total number of children per family.
d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops.
e. the use of a variety of birth control techniques.

Answer 40

b.

Question 41

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed

a. a pattern developing of marriage at earlier ages for brides and grooms.
b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family.
c. the declining importance of the woman in the “family economy.”
d. rapidly declining rates of illegitimate births and a consequent decline in infanticide due to stringent laws prohibiting either.
e. the growth of the extended family.

Answer 41

b.

Question 42

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except

a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children.
b. the production of more games and toys for children.
c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast-feeding infants.
e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.

Answer 42

c.

Question 43

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords?

a. fish.
b. tomatoes.
c. wheat.
d. rice.
e. potatoes.

Answer 43

e.

Question 44

The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the

a. manorial system.
b. cottage system.
c. mercantile system.
d. laissez-faire.
e. the putting-in system.

Answer 44

b.

Question 45

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was

a. the creation of insurance policies.
b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.
c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation.
d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms.
e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money.

Answer 45

b.

Question 46

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except

a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe.
b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade.
c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies.
d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities.
e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.

Answer 46

c.

Question 47

Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade?

a. Bordeaux
b. Marseilles
c. Rome
d. Lisbon
e. Liverpool

Answer 47

c.

Question 48

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was

a. the dowry fund for poor women.
b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs.
c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.
d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority.
e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.

Answer 48

c.

Question 49

Europe’s unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was

a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders.
b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching.
c. least apparent in Prussia.
d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king.
e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed.

Answer 49

a.

Question 50

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century

a. comprised nearly half of Europe’s population.
b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789.
c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners.
d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany.
e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 50

a.

Question 51

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except:

a. judgment by peers.
b. immunity from severe punishment.
c. exemptions from most forms of taxation.
d. guarantees against becoming poor.
e. access to military and civil offices.

Answer 51

d.

Question 52

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian

a. general.
b. courtier.
c. architect.
d. musician.
e. composer.

Answer 52

c.

Question 53

The Grand Tour

a. saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy.
b. avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour’s education goals in northern Europe.
c. was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the eighteenth century.
d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat’s sons.
e. was reserved for ambitious members of the bourgeoisie.

Answer 53

d.

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities?

a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city.
b. They were decreasing dramatically in population.
c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.
d. They were becoming more democratic in their government.
e. They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchical control.

Answer 54

c.

Question 55

By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was

a. Berlin.
b. Paris.
c. St. Petersburg.
d. Amsterdam.
e. London.

Answer 55

e.

Question 56

The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was

a. most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief.
b. solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities.
c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
d. solved in France in the 1770’s through massive royal public works projects.
e. entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 56

c.

Question 57

At the beginning of the eighteenth century,

a. the old order was under severe attack.
b. the old order still remained strong.
c. republicanism was in ascendant.
d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure.
e. democracy was spreading.

Answer 57

b.