Chapter 12 Questions and Answers/Multiple Choice

Question 1

Describe the rebirth that occurred during the Italian Renaissance.

Answer 1

It was a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age.

Question 2

Who was affected most by the Renaissance?

Answer 2

The upper class.

Question 3

What was the struggle Italian merchants encountered with sea routes after the plague?

Answer 3

Italian merchants encountered an increasingly powerful Hanseatic League of Merchants.

Question 4

What was the cause for the Hanseatic Leagues decline?

Answer 4

The hanseatic league was unable to compete with the developing larger territorial states.

Question 5

Why did the Italian city states not suffer from the competitive advantages of the ever-growing and more powerful national territorial states until the 16th century?

Answer 5

Transatlantic discoveries gave more importance to the states along the coast.

Question 6

Which industries had begun to recover and expand in Florence during the 15th century?

Answer 6

The woolen industry recovered while the silk, glassware, and handwork items expanded.

Question 7

Who was the Medici Family?

Answer 7

The Medici family was the greatest banking family in the 15th century.

Question 8

Analyze the social changes in the Renaissance.

Answer 8

Social structures from the middle ages were inherited from the middle ages. Three estates now existed: 1) 1st-clergy, 2nd)- nobles, and 3rd)- peasants and townspeople

Question 9

Why was slavery introduced in Italy?

Answer 9

The black death had caused shortage in workers so slavery was introduced in a fairly large scale.

Question 10

Why was marriage important to families of Renaissance Italy?

Answer 10

Marriage was a way for families to acquire wealth and a higher social statuses.

Question 11

What is the difference between the number of children the wealthy women had versus the number of children poor women had?

Answer 11

Wealthy women could afford wet nurses to take care of their children. This allowed wealthy women to get pregnant faster and have more children. While poor women had to take care of their own children they could not reproduce as fast.

Question 12

Analyze the marital relationships in Renaissance.

Answer 12

Since marriages were usually arranged, deep emotional attachment was overlooked and these unions were purely formal ties.

Question 13

What were the five major states that dominated the Italian peninsula during the 15th century?

Answer 13

Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and Naples.

Question 14

Who were the families that ruled the independent city-states of Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino?

Answer 14

The Gonzaga lords ruled Mantua, the D’Estes family ruled Ferrara, and the Montefeltro dynasty ruled Urbino.

Question 15

Who was Federigo da Montefeltro?

Answer 15

A well-educated, warrior prince; Urbino

became a well-known cultural and intellectual center under his rule.

Question 16

How was the role of women perceived in Renaissance Italy?

Answer 16

Women like Isabelle D’Este were highly respected when they ruled in their husbands absences.

Question 17

Who was Niccolo’ Machiavelli?

Answer 17

Preoccupied by political power, he wrote The Prince, which was one of the most famous treatise on political power in the western world.

Question 18

What were the two main sources for Machiavelli’s ideas in The Prince?

Answer 18

The two main sources were his preoccupation with Italy’s politics and his knowledge of
ancient Rome.

Question 19

What is the most important literary movement associated with the renaissance?

Answer 19

Humanism

Question 20

Why was Petrarch often called the father of Renaissance humanism?

Answer 20

Petrarch did more than any other individual in the 14th century to foster the development of Renaissance humanism.

Question 21

How did the humanist movement affect the education in the Renaissance?

Answer 21

Renaissance humanist built secondary schools in hope of teaching their beliefs to others.

Question 22

Analyze the impact printing had on the Renaissance.

Answer 22

Printing allowed common people to have bibles in their homes, it also encouraged scholarly research.

Question 23

Explain the two directions that helped develop the new renaissance style of art.

Answer 23

One emphasized the mathematical and involved the investigation of movement and anatomical structure.

Question 24

Who were the three artists that dominated the high Renaissance?

Answer 24

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

Question 25

Discuss the position of artist before and during the 15th century.

Answer 25

Before the wealthy controlled what the artists did, but eventually they went from artisans to artistic geniuses.

Question 26

What were the views of the northern artistic Renaissance.

Answer 26

In Italy, human form became the primary vehicle of expression as Italian artist sought to master the
technical skills that allowed them to portray humans in reality.

Question 27

What occurred due to the effect of the Council of Constance.

Answer 27

The Great Schism had finally been brought to an end in 1417

Question 28

How did the Hundred Years’ War effect France?

Answer 28

Depopulation, desolate

farmlands, ruined commerce, and independent and unruly nobles occurred.

Question 29

What was the primary concern of the papacy?

Answer 29

The primary concern was governing the Catholic Church as its leader.

Question 30

The Italian Renaissance was primarily

a. a mass movement of the peasants.
b. characterized by a preoccupation with religion.
c. a product of rural Italy.
d. a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture.
e. a religious reform movement.

Answer 30

d.

Question 31

The word “Renaissance” means

a. rebirth.
b. new world.
c. maturation.
d. escape.
e. culture.

Answer 31

a.

Question 32

The wealth of the northern Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from

a. colonization.
b. the slave trade.
c. agriculture.
d. military conquest.
e. trade.

Answer 32

a.

Question 33

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented

a. the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization.
b. a period of moral decline.
c. an era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government.
d. a continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages.
e. a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

Answer 33

e.

Question 34

The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was the

a. Gonzaga.
b. Bardi.
c. Sforza.
d. Medici.
e. Machiavelli

Answer 34

d.

Question 35

What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany?

a. Delian League
b. Prussian Confederation
c. Baltic League
d. League of German Cities
e. Hanseatic League

Answer 35

e.

Question 36

Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were

a. fireworks and glass making.
b. mill construction and hydraulics.
c. mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms.
d. optical instruments and lens grinding.
e. the use of the vault and the arch.

Answer 36

c.

Question 37

The author of the Book of the Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was

a. Baldassare Castiglione.
b. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.
c. Girolamo Savanarola.
d. Niccolò Machiavelli
e. Cosimo de Medici.

Answer 37

a.

Question 38

Castiglione’s The Courtier was a

a. primer on military training for nobles.
b. very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.
c. sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life.
d. treatise against active participation in public life.
e. work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.

Answer 38

b.

Question 39

The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of

a. an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals.
b. a mass movement in which all sections of society participated and contributed.
c. a narrow religious movement directed almost entirely by clerics.
d. a political movement in essence controlled mainly by kings.
e. foreign inspiration and influence, particularly from Islamic Spain

Answer 39

a.

Question 40

The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was

a. to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages.
b. largely surpassed by the upcoming merchant class.
c. still powerful, but with little new blood to keep it vital.
d. extremely uneducated compared to the nobility of the Middle Ages.
e. to disappear by the early seventeenth century.

Answer 40

a.

Question 41

Banquets during the Renaissance

a. expressed the simplicity of the life idealized in courtly society.
b. were not held on Holy Days and on such celebrations as weddings.
c. were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family.
d. were banned by the papacy.
e. were restricted to the wealthy bourgeoisie

Answer 41

c.

Question 42

The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was

a. predominantly urban.
b. essentially free from the manorial system, especially in eastern Europe.
c. relatively free from violence and disease in urban areas.
d. overwhelmingly made up of peasants.
e. made up of clergy and nobles.

Answer 42

d.

Question 43

Western Europe in the Renaissance saw

a. a decline in serfdom.
b. a decline in centralized royal government.
c. a reduction in urban trade networks.
d. a rise in famine.
e. an increase in slavery.

Answer 43

a.

Question 44

Slavery in Renaissance Italy

a. reached its height in the early sixteenth century.
b. was universally condemned by the Catholic Church.
c. disappeared entirely by the early fifteenth century.
d. experienced a slow decline.
e. saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servants and as skilled workers

Answer 44

e.

Question 45

The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of

a. continued warfare and the capture of foreign prisoners.
b. the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.
c. papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship with pagans.
d. movements for Italian naval domination of the Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower.
e. the importation of slaves from Africa.

Answer 45

b.

Question 46

Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?

a. Young men asked women for their hand in marriage, after a lengthy courtship.
b. Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses.
c. Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.
d. Men and women waited longer to get married than in the Middle Ages.
e. Men and women married earlier than in the Middle Ages because of increased economic opportunities.

Answer 46

c.

Question 47

Marriages in Renaissance Italy

a. were based on love and mutual affection.
b. were easy to dissolve or annul.
c. were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations.
d. were often worked out hastily with little thought.
e. declined as the sanction of the church and religion grew weaker

Answer 47

c.

Question 48

By the fifteenth century, Italy was

a. a centralized state.
b. dominated by the Papal States exclusively.
c. the foremost European power.
d. dominated by five major regional independent powers.
e. made up of hundreds of independent city-states

Answer 48

d.

Question 49

Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was

a. Battista Sforza.
b. Isabella d’Este.
c. Christina of Milan.
d. Catherine de Medici.
e. Christine de Pizan.

Answer 49

b.

Question 50

Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was

a. an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince.
b. an outspoken advocate of Italian unification.
c. a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the papacy.
d. strictly opposed to the proliferation of condottieri in Italy.
e. a pious subject of the papacy.

Answer 50

a.

Question 51

The Peace of Lodi served to

a. limit the sexual scandals that plagued the Papal court.
b. keep Naples from interfering in northern Italian affairs.
c. maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.
d. maintain peace between the Italian communes for 40 years.
e. ensconce the Medici in both Florence and Naples.

Answer 51

c.

Question 52

Machiavelli’s The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must

a. strive to earn the love of his people.
b. follow Christian principles in all his endeavors.
c. care for the weak, poor, and helpless.
d. kill all opposition immediately.
e. act without scruples for the good of the state.

Answer 52

e.

Question 53

Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else

a. increasingly became alienated from political life.
b. was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics.
c. rejected the church and Christianity in general.
d. helped revive Greek as a “living” language.
e. had little interest in the past inasmuch as it was only the present that was important.

Answer 53

b.

Question 54

In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of

a. France and England.
b. England and Spain.
c. the Ottoman Empire and Spain.
d. Spain and Germany.
e. Spain and France.

Answer 54

e.

Question 55

Who said, ‘‘Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language.’’

a. Savanarola.
b. Leonardo da Vinci.
c. Petrarch.
d. Dante.
e. Boccaccio.

Answer 55

c.

Question 56

The Corpus Hermeticum

a. contained histories written by papal secretaries.
b. radically conflicted with the ideas of Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man.
c. contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.
d. advocated the final rejection of Neoplatonic thought.
e. was a scientific treatise and included no spiritual or philosophical concepts.

Answer 56

c.

Question 57

Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man stated that humans

a. were fallen creatures, but regain their place by following God’s will.
b. were nothing more than undifferentiated animals.
c. were divine and destined to spiritual life.
d. were destined to survive because they were the fittest animals.
e. could be whatever they chose or willed.

Answer 57

e.

Question 58

A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was

a. botany.
b. the Greek language.
c. accounting.
d. engineering.
e. theology.

Answer 58

b.

Question 59

The liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre

a. contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.
b. was for all segments of society, rich and poor.
c. advocated concentration on science and research, not rhetoric and verbal skills.
d. almost entirely excluded Christian teachings.
e. was designed to achieve political success as the paramount goal of an educated man.

Answer 59

a.

Question 60

In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to

a. the death of God.
b. the rise of the peasant.
c. insights into nature.
d. true freedom.
e. enslavement to the false god of knowledge.

Answer 60

d.

Question 61

Humanism’s main effect on the writing of history was

a. a stress on God’s influence on human events.
b. the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time.
c. anti-Christian attacks on medieval historians.
d. an increasing reliance on archaeological evidence.
e. stress the importance of non-Western subject matter.

Answer 61

b.

Question 62

Johannes Gutenberg was a key developer of

a. the water wheel.
b. the astrolabe.
c. the movable type printing press.
d. smokeless gunpowder.
e. the compass.

Answer 62

c.

Question 63

The development of printing in the fifteenth century

a. pertained predominantly to secular works, as theological works were still done by hand.
b. saw the invention of movable type by Nicholas Fabian.
c. ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.
d. made communication and collaborative work between scholars more difficult due to competition.
e. had little impact until the eighteenth century.

Answer 63

c.

Question 64

Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to

a. ignore nature and paint for expression.
b. experiment in areas of perspective.
c. copy the works of previous artists.
d. move away from the study of anatomical structure.
e. focused entirely upon the natural landscape in reaction to the spiritual ideals of the Middle Ages.

Answer 64

b.

Question 65

Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David?

a. Donatello and da Vinci.
b. Donatello and Michelangelo.
c. Michelangelo and da Vinci.
d. da Vinci and Brunelleschi.
e. Brunelleschi and Donatello.

Answer 65

b.

Question 66

The Renaissance figure in the following list who was not a leading painter was

a. Raphael
b. Michelangelo
c. Petrarch
d. Leonardo
e. Botticelli.

Answer 66

c.

Question 67

The painter of the Rome’s Sistine Chapel ceiling was

a. Raphael.
b. da Vinci.
c. Botticelli.
d. Michelangelo.
e. Brunelleschi.

Answer 67

d.

Question 68

Who painted “The Last Supper”?

a. Leonardo
b. Michelangelo
c. Caravaggio
d. van Eyck
e. Botticelli.

Answer 68

a.

Question 69

Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists?

a. They had less mastery of the laws of perspective than many Italian painters.
b. The most influential artist was Jan van Eyck.
c. There was an emphasis on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel painting.
d. They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.
e. They never portrayed the human body.

Answer 69

d.

Question 70

The “new monarchs” of the late fifteenth century in Europe

a. continued the trend toward decentralization.
b. were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power.
c. attempted to build up the nobility for support.
d. accepted the domination of the church as a matter of course.
e. were generally illiterate.

Answer 70

b.

Question 71

The results of the Hundred Years’ War

a. reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy.
b. caused economic turmoil in England.
c. temporarily strengthened the nobility in England.
d. a and b
e. all of the above

Answer 71

e.

Question 72

Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain

a. became increasingly corrupt and inefficient.
b. saw society become more secular.
c. saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula.
d. had little remaining dissension and was thoroughly unified.

Answer 72

c.

Question 73

All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their “new monarchies” except

a. Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
b. Henry VII of England.
c. Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain.
d. Louis XI the Spider of France.
e. Isabella of Castile.

Answer 73

a.

Question 74

After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor remained in the hands of the

a. Sforza family.
b. Medici family.
c. pope.
d. Habsburg dynasty.
e. Hohenzollern dynasty.

Answer 74

d.

Question 75

The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the

a. crusaders.
b. Persians.
c. Russians.
d. Seljuk Turks.
e. Ottoman Turks.

Answer 75

e.

Question 76

The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was

a. Ali.
b. Murad III.
c. Lazar I.
d. Mehmet II.
e. Ibrahim Pasha.

Answer 76

d.

Question 77

John Wyclif criticized the Church for

a. wasting money on expensive cathedrals.
b. discriminating against women.
c. not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular.
d. discriminating against Muslims and Jews.
e. having a pope.

Answer 77

c.

Question 78

The Renaissance popes did all of the following except

a. patronize Renaissance culture.
b. participate in temporal authority at the expense of their spiritual responsibilities.
c. attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times.
d. combat church councils.
e. involved themselves in politics and war.

Answer 78

c.

Question 79

The Renaissance papacy

a. was exemplified by the “spartan” and humble existence of Leo X.
b. saw popes build legal familial dynasties over several generations to maintain power.
c. was little concerned with war and politics, as shown by Julius II.
d. was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidenced by Alexander VI.
e. gave little support to the arts.

Answer 79

d.