Chapter 18- excretion

Question 1

Excretion

Answer 1

Removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body

Question 2

Elimination

Answer 2

The removal of indigestible material

Question 3

Aerobic respiration leads to the production of:

Answer 3

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 4

Demination of amino acids in the liver leads to the production of

Answer 4

Nitrogenous wastes such as urea and ammonia

Question 5

All metabolic processes lead to the production of:

Answer 5

mineral salts, which must be excreted by the kidneys

Question 6

Excretion of protozoans and cnidarians

Answer 6

All cells are in contact with the external, aqueous environment- water soluble wastes such as ammonia and carbon dioxide can exit the cells through diffusion

Question 7

Paramecium contain what kind of a vacuole?

Answer 7

Contractive vacuole– an organelle specialized for water excretion by active transport

Question 8

Excretion in annelids

Answer 8

Carbon dioxide excretion occurs directly though moist skin

2 pairs of nephridia in each body segment excrete water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea.

Question 9

Excretion in arthropods

Answer 9

Carbon dioxide is released from the tissues into adjacent tubelike tracheae, which are continuous with the external air through opening called spiracles

Question 10

Uric acid

Answer 10

In athropods, nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the form of solid uric acid crystals- helps conserve water

Question 11

Malpighian tubules

Answer 11

mineral salls and uric acid accumulate here and are then transported to the intestine to be expelled with the solid wastes of digestion

Question 12

Principal organs of excretion in humans

Answer 12

lungs, liver, skin and kidneys

Question 13

Lungs and excretion

Answer 13

Carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse from the blood and are continually exhaled.

Question 14

Sweat glands and skin excretion

Answer 14

Excrete water and dissolved salts

Question 15

Perspiration serves to:

Answer 15

Regulate body temperature, since the evaporation of sweat produces cooling

Question 16

Liver and excretion

Answer 16

Processes nitrogenous wastes, hemoglobin, and other chemicals for excretion

Question 17

How is urea produced and excreted?

Answer 17

Produced by the deamination of amino acids in the liver and diffuses into the blood for ultimate excretion in the kidneys

Question 18

Bile salts are excreted as:

Answer 18

Bile and pass out with the feces

Question 19

What does the kidney function to maintain?

Answer 19

Maintains osmolarity of the blood; excrete numerous waste products and toxic chemicals; and conserve glucose, salt and water.

Question 20

How do kidneys regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood?

Answer 20

Through the formation of urine.

Question 21

Nephrons

Answer 21

Units of kidney- a kidney is composed of about a million nephrons.

Question 22

Three regions of a kidney

Answer 22

Outer cortex, inner medulla, and the renal pelvis.

Question 23

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 23

A bulb- nephron consists of a Bowman’s capsule

Question 24

Bowman’s capsule embraces:

Answer 24

A special capillary called a glomerulus

Question 25

What does the Bowman's capsule lead to?

Answer 25

A long, coiled tubule that is divided into functionally distinct unit: proximal convuluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convulutaed tubule and the collecting duct.

Question 26

Organization of nephron

Answer 26

Loop of Henle runs through the medulla while the convoluted tubules and Bowman's capsure are in the cortex

Question 27

Ureter

Answer 27

Where concentrated urine end up from the collecting tubules flows into the pelvis of the kidney.

Question 28

The ureters fro the kidneys empty into the:

Answer 28

Urinary bladder

Question 29

Most of the nephron is surrounded by:

Answer 29

A complex peritubular capillary network to facilitate reabsorption of amino acids, glucose, salts, and water.

Question 30

Three processes that lead to urine formation

Answer 30

Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

Question 31

What kind of a process is filtration?

Answer 31

Passive process driven by the hydrostatic pressure in the blood

Question 32

FIltrate

Answer 32

Blood pressure forces 20% of the blood plasma entering the glomerulus through the capillary walls and into the Bowman's capsule. This fluid and small solutes entering the nephron is called the filtrate.

Question 33

Filtrate is _____ in relation to the blood

Answer 33

isotonic

Question 34

What happens to particles too large to filter through the glomerulus?

Answer 34

Remain in the circulatory system. | Example: blood cells and albumins

Question 35

Secretion

Answer 35

Nephron secretes substances such as acids, bases, and ions like potassium and phosphate from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate by both passive and active transport.

Question 36

Materials are secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the:

Answer 36

Nephron tubule

Question 37

Body fluid pH

Answer 37

Remains at 7.4

Question 38

How is body fluid consistency attained?

Answer 38

by the removal of carbon dioxide through lungs or hydrogen ions through the kidneys.

Question 39

How is assessment of pH measured?

Answer 39

Arterial pressure Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) Plasma bicarbonate (HCO3)

Question 40

What are the two types of acid-base disorders?

Answer 40

Respiratory | Metabolic

Question 41

Respiratory disorder

Answer 41

Affect the blood acidity by causing changes in PCO2

Question 42

Metabolic disorder

Answer 42

Affect the blood acidity by causing changes in the HCO3-

Question 43

Acidosis

Answer 43

Increased pCO2- respiratory | Decreased HCO3- decreased

Question 44

Reabsorption

Answer 44

Essential substances such as glucose, salts, and amino acids and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood

Question 45

Where does reabsorption occur primarily?

Answer 45

In the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 46

What kind of activity is reabsorption?

Answer 46

ACTIVE process

Question 47

movement of molecules in rebsorption is accompanied by?

Answer 47

Passive movement of water: results in the formation of concentrated urine

Question 48

Urine is ____ to blood

Answer 48

Hypertonic

Question 49

What does the nephron do?

Answer 49

Primary function is to clean the blood plasma of unwanted substances as it passes through the kidney.

Question 50

Through what does the nephron maintain the bloodstream's solute concentration?

Answer 50

Through selective permeability of its walls and the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient.

Question 51

Why must the nephron be selective?

Answer 51

Because the blood contains both wanted and unwanted substances.

Question 52

Primary sites of regulating water, sodium, and potassium loss in the nephron.

Answer 52

Ascending loop of Henle, collected duct, and descending loop of Henle.

Question 53

What is the distal convoluted tubule the primary site for?

Answer 53

Secretion of substances into the filtrate.

Question 54

Aldosterone

Answer 54

A hormone increases exchange transport of sodium and potassium ions along the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct. Results in: decreased excretion of sodium ions in the urine and an increased potassium ion excretion in the urine.

Question 55

Does aldosterone affect renal blood flow?

Answer 55

No

Question 56

How is an osmolarity gradient established in the interstitial fluid surrounding the tubules?

Answer 56

Because of selective permeability of the tubules

Question 57

Tissue osmolarity increases from:

Answer 57

The cortex to inner medulla

Question 58

The solutes that contribute to the maintenance of the gradient are

Answer 58

Urea and salt (Na+ and Cl-)

Question 59

Counter-current-multiplier system

Answer 59

The anatomic arrangement of the loop of Henle within the kidney permits the establishment of the concentration of gradient that permits the reabsorption of 99% of the filtrate in the collecting tubules. How the osmolarity of urine is established in the collecting tubule

Question 60

ADH

Answer 60

increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be absorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed. Also called vasopressin

Question 61

True false: There is no specific excretory system is plants

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Unlike animals, plants can ______ their waste poducts

Answer 62

Use

Question 63

Carbon dioxide can be used in _____ and nitrogen wastes can be reused in the _____ ______ _____

Answer 63

photosynthesis | systhesis of proteins

Question 64

Transpiration

Answer 64

Exit of water vapor through leaf stomates

Question 65

Excess carbon dioxide, as well as waste oxygen and water vapor leaves the plant by :

Answer 65

diffusion through the stomata and lenticels (pores in stems).