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Old Classes > Chapter 17- Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotropic

A

Animals

Unable to synthesize their own nutrients

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2
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Occurs within the cell, usually in membrane bound vesicles

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3
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestive process that occurs outside of the cell, within a lumen or a tract

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4
Q

In unicellular organisms, food capture is effected primarily by:

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

When do food vacuoles form?

A

Immediately after digestion

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6
Q

How does ingestion occur in amoeba

A

Pseudopods surround and engulf food (phagocytosis) and enclose it in food vacuoles.

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7
Q

digestion in amoeba

A

Contain digestive enzymes fuse with food vacuole in amoeba and release their digestive enzymes that act upon the nutrients- resulting simpler molecules diffuse into the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Excretion in amoeba

A

Eliminated from the vacuole

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9
Q

Ingestion in paramecium

A

Cilia sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx- a food vacuole forms around the lower end of the cytopharynx, which breaks off and goes to the anterior of the cell

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10
Q

Digestion in paramecium

A

Enzymes are secreted into the vacuole and the products diffuse into the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Excretion in paramecium

A

Solid wastes are expelled at the anal pore.

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12
Q

Physical breakdown

A

Multicellular organisms– in mouth and churning in digestive tract

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13
Q

Chemical breakdown in invertebrates

A

Accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis

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14
Q

Digestion in cnidarians

A

Both intra and extracellular
Use tentacles to ingest and release particles into cup-like sac
Enzyme secreted into cavity from endodermal cells

Digestion mostly extracellular- but once food is reduced to small fragmets, the gastrodermal cells engulf nutrients and digestion is completed intracellularly.

Undig. food expelled through mouth

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15
Q

Digestion in annelids

A

One way tract- mouth to anus
Specializedparts
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop (stores food), gizzard (grinds food), intestine (increase surface area- hypholosole) and anus

Soluble food passes thorough walls of small intestine to the blood thru diffusion

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16
Q

Digestion in arthropods

A

Similar to earthworm. Jaws for chewing and salivary glands to improve food digestion

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17
Q

Human digestive tranct

A 
Oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine 
the anus
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18
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Salivary glands,pancreas, liver, gall badder

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19
Q

Oral cavity in human

A

Mechanical (mastication) and chemical digestion of food begins
Chemical- saliva lubricates food and contains amylase (ptyalin)- hydrolyzes starch to maltose.

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube leading from the moth to the stomach

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21
Q

Perstalsis

A

How food is moved down the esophagus

Rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions

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22
Q

Where does the body of the esophagus lie?

A

Within the thoracic cavity, which is negatively pressured on inhalation.
Abdominal cavity positive pressure gradient

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23
Q

GERD

A

occurs when pressure gradient favor a continual gastric materials into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux

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24
Q

How may GERD occur

A

Spontaneous lower esophageal sphincter relax- not associated with swallowing

Resting pressure of lower esophageal sphincter goes owe gastric baseline pressure

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25
Q

What is the stomach and where is it located

A

A large muscular organ located in the upper abdomen

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26
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Stores partially digested food

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27
Q

What are the walls of the stomach lined by?

A

Gastric mucosa- which contain glands that secrete mucus

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28
Q

What does mucus in the stomach do?

A

Protects the stomach lining from the harshly acidic juices present in the stomach.

29
Q

Glands in the gastic mucosa also secrete

A

Pepsin, a protein hydrolyzing enzyme, and HCl, which kills bacteria and breaks down food and also activates proteins

30
Q

Chief cells

A

Synthesize pepsinogen

31
Q

Parietal cells

A

Synthesize and release HCl and intrinsic factor

32
Q

Churning of the stomach produces:

A

an acidic semifluid mixture and partially digested food known as chyme0 which passes into the first segment of the small intestine, the duidenum, thorugh the pyloric sphincter

33
Q

Chemical digestion is completed in

A

The small intestine

34
Q

The small intestine is divided into

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

35
Q

The small intestine is highly adapted to:

A

Absorption

36
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projection that increase the surface area of the small intestine that extend out of the intestinal wall.

37
Q

What do the villi contain?

A

Capillaries and lacteals

38
Q

Amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the villi walls into the:

A

capillary suystem

39
Q

Large fatty acids and glycerold pass into the

A

Lacteals and are then reconverted into fats

40
Q

What nutrients are actively absorbed and which ones are passively absorbed?

A

Actively- glucose and amino acids

Passively- rest of them

41
Q

Where does most of the digestion occur in the small intestine?

A

the duodenum, where secretions of the intestinal glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mix together with the acidic chyme entering from the stomach.

42
Q

Lipase

A

Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for fat digestion

43
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for polypeptide digestion

44
Q

Disaccharideases

A

Secreted by the intesinal mucosa- for maltose, lactose and sucrose digestion

45
Q

Lactase

A

Disaccharidase- breaks down lactose or milk sugar

present in infants

46
Q

Parietal cell secrete

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

47
Q

Gastrin

A

Produced in the G cells of the duodenum, stimulates HCl, histamine, and pepsinogen secretion as well as increase gastric blood flow.

48
Q

What happens after gastrin stimulates parietal cells

A

Release of HCl, which denatures proteins and activates digestive enzymes

49
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

absorption of vitamin B12

50
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Produced in the I cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa

Involved in stimulation of pancreatic enzymes stores in the S cells of the upper intestine

Stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-containing substances from the pancreas and inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid production

51
Q

Liver

A

produces bile

52
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile before releasing it to the small intestine

53
Q

What does bile do?

A

does NOT contain enzymes, it emulsified fats, breaking down large globules into small droplets.

54
Q

Why is fat emulsified?

A

It exposes fats to a greater surface area to the action of pancreatic lipase.

55
Q

If there is not bile

A

Then fats cannot by digested

56
Q

Other functions of the liver:

A

Storage of glycogen, conversion of ammonia to urea, protein synthesis, detoxification and cholesterol metabolism.

57
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces amylase, trypsin and lipase

Releases chymotrypsin and enterokinase, which cleaves chymotrypsin to make trypsin

58
Q

What does trypsin do

A

cleaves and activates other zymogens

59
Q

How does the pancreas neutralize acidic chyme?

A

It secretes a bicarbonate-rich juice

60
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorbs salts and water not already absorbed by small intestine.

61
Q

Rectum

A

Stores feces before elimination though anus

62
Q

Plants and digestion

A

Have no digestion system

63
Q

Intracellular digestion in plants

A

Stores insoluble polymers, starches, lipid, and proteins in the cell

64
Q

Starch

A

Found in seeds, stems and root
principal storage food
Is a glucose polysaccharide

65
Q

When nutrients are required in plants,what happens?

A

Hydrolysis (enzyme) break down storage polymers into simpler molecules

66
Q

Extracellular digestion in plants

A

Used by fungi

67
Q

Rhizoids

A

In bread mold
Saprophyte lives on dead organic material that secretes material int othe bread
Digestion produces simple and soluble products that are absorbed by diffusion.

68
Q

Fungi

A

Heterotrophic- get nutrients from the environment

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