Chapter 10- Vertebrate Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology

A

Study of the development of a unicellular zygote into a complete, multicellular organism

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2
Q

Cleavage

A

Series of rapid mitotic divisions– lead to increase in cell number but no growth in protoplasm (total cytoplasm volume remains constant)

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3
Q

Cleavage in relation to cell size and nuclear to cytoplasmic material ratio

A

smaller cells

increasing ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic material

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4
Q

cleavage in relation to surface to volume ratio

A

Increases surface to volume ratio- improves gas and nutrient exchange

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5
Q

morula

A

What one zygote divides into before turning into a blastula

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6
Q

Blastulation begins when..

A

the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel which by the 4th day becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula

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7
Q

The stage where the embryo implants in the uterus is:

A

The blastula

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8
Q

Gastrula

A

Once implanted in the uterus, blastula –> gastrula

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9
Q

Three layers of gastrula

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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10
Q

Ectoderm

A

Integument (epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelium of nose, mouth and anal canal), lens of eye, retina, and the nervous system

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11
Q

Endoderm

A

Epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts (lungs) and parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, connective tissue throughout the body, and portions of digestive and resp. orgams

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13
Q

Netrulation

A

process by which regions of the germ layers begin to develop into a rudimentary nervous system at the end of gastrulation.

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14
Q

notochord

A

A rod of mesodermal cells that develops along the longitudinal axis under dorsal layer of ectoderm

causes ectoderm to bend inward and form groove along dorsal surface of the embryo

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15
Q

Notochord forms into the

A

neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)

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16
Q

What happens when the neural tube is formed?

A

detaches from the surface ectoderm

17
Q

Neural crest cells

A

cells at the tip of each neural fold

migrate laterally and give rise to PNS- sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal ganglia, adrenal medulla, and Schwann cells

18
Q

Developmental phase can be divided into:

A

internal and external development

19
Q

Internal development

A

follows the neurulation process

20
Q

Internal development includes

A

Organogenesic, growth, and gametogenesis

21
Q

Organogenesis

A

The body organs begin to form

cells interact, differentiate, change physical shape, proliferate and migrate

22
Q

Growth

A

Organs increase in size, which is a continual process from infancy to childhood to adulthood

23
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Eggs and sperm develope

24
Q

External development in eggs (animals)

A

occurs outside the body

25
Q

Parts of egg in animals

A

Chorion- lines inside of shell, permits gas exhange

Allantois- Sac-like structure permits respiration and excretion. Contains vessels to transport O2, CO2, water, salt and nitrogenous waste

Amnion- encloses amniotic fluid, which prevents eggs from shock

Yolk sac- encloses yolk. Has blood vessels to transfer food to embryo

26
Q

Nonplacental internal development

A

Limits food and oxygen exhange.. Maybe born very early in development

27
Q

Specialized circulatory system in placental internal development allows

A

fetus to get oxygen from mother and also removes CO2 and metabolic wastes

28
Q

Two components of placental internal development system

A

Placenta

Umbelical Cord

29
Q

Placenta and umbilical cord are outgrowths of the

A

four extra-embryonic membranes formed during development

Amnion- shock absorber during labor

Chorion- begins placenta formation

Allantois- Becomes umbilical cord

Yolk sac- becomes associated with the umbilical vessels

30
Q

Gestation

A

human pregnancy

31
Q

First trimester

A

During first 3 weeks: major organs begin to develop
22 days- Heart begins to beat
Soon after- Eyes, gonads, limbs and liver start to form
7th week- bone
8th week- most organs have formed, brain is developed, and embyo is reffered to as fetus

32
Q

Second trimester

A

Fetus grows tremendously

Begins to move around in amniotic fluid, face appears human, toes and fingers elongate

33
Q

Third trimester

A

7th and 8th month- Rapid growth of body and brain
9th month- antibodies are transported by highly selective active transport from mother to fetus
Growth rate slows- fetus becomes less active

34
Q

Labor

A

series of strong uterine contraction

35
Q

First stage of labor

A

cervix thins out and dilates and amniotic sac ruptures. Mild contration

36
Q

Second stage of labor

A

Rapid contractions, birth of baby, cutting of umbilical cord

37
Q

3rd and final stage of labor

A

Uterus contracts, expelling placenta and umbilical cord

38
Q

Differentiation of cells is complete when

A

all organs reach adult form