Chapter 11- Vascular Systems in Animals and Plants Flashcards
Are protozoans heterotrophs or autotroph cells?
Heterotrophic cells
What do protozoans consume?
They consume other cells or food particles.
What does the word “protozoa” mean?
First animal
With respect to the vascular system, the movement of gases and nutrients done by…?
Simple diffusion within the cell
Hydras are cnidarians have body walls that are __ cells thick
2
Why is there no need for a specialized circulatory system in Cnidarians
Because all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environment
What kind of circulatory systems do arthropods have?
Open circulatory system (in which blood is in direct contact with the body tissues).
How is blood circulated in arthropods?
Primarily by body movements
What is the path of blood flow in arthropods?
The blood flows through a dorsal vessel and into spaces called sinuses where exchange occurs.
Annelids are also called?
Earthworms
What kind of a circ system does an annelid use?
The annelid uses a closed circulatory system.
Why is a closed circulatory system needed in annelids?
Because cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment need to have materials delivered to them.
In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to _______
blood vessels
What is the path of blood flow to the head in annelids?
The blood moves toward the head in the dorsal vessel.
Dorsal vessel functions as the main ______________ in annelids?
Functions as the main heart by coordinated contractions.
Aortic loops
In annelids. They are five pairs of vessels that connect the dorsal vessel to the ventral vessel and function as additional pumps.
Earthworm blood lack any ____ ______ ___ but has a __________________
RBCs but has a hemoglobin like pigment dissolved in the aqueous solution.
What is the human cardiovascular system composed of?
Muscular, four chambered heart, a network of blood vessels and the blood itself.
Blood is pumped into the ___ which branches into a series of _____
aorta, arteries
The arteries branch into ____ and then into the microscopic _____
arterioles, capillaries
What happens via diffusion across capillary walls?
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products
The capillaries converge into _____ and then eventually into the _____
venules, veins
What do veins do?
Lead deoxygenated blood back toward the heart.
Right and left side of the heart
Right: pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation toward the lungs
Left: pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation throughout the body
What are the upper two chambers of the heart called?
Atria
What are the lower two chambers of the heart called?
Ventricles
Atria wall vs. ventricle wall
Thin walled vs thick walled (extremely muscular)
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?
Because it has to pump blood the blood to the whole body (systemic circulation) and because it pumps against a higher resistance
Atrioventricular valves
Are located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart.
Function: Prevent backflow into the atria
Tricuspid valve
On the right side.
Bicuspid valve
Also called mitral– on the left side of the heart
Semilunar valve
Have 3 cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve).
The heart’s pumping cycle is divided into _____
two alternating phases called systole and diastole, which together make up the heart beat
Systole
Period during which the ventricles contract
Diastole
The period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which during which blood drains into all four chambers
Cardiac output is defined as the
total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
Formula for cardiac output
cardiac output= heart rate (# of beats per minute) * stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction)
True or false: cardiac muscle contracts without stimulation from the nervous system
True
What regulates cardiac control?
The sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
This is also where it originates
What is the SA node?
A small mass of specialized tissue located int he wall of the right atrium. It spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously.
Where does the impulse from the SA node arrive?
The atrioventricular node (AV node)
Speed at which AV node conducts and why
conducts slowly so that there is enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood.
Where is the impulse carried by from the AV node?
The impulse is carried by the bundle of His (AV bundle) which branches into the right and left bundle branches, and through the purkinje fibers (in the walls of both ventricles), generating a strong contraction.
Autonomic nervous system modifies the rate of ___ _______
heart contraction
The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the heart via the _____ _____ and causes __________________
vagus nerve and causes a decrease in the heart rate
The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart via the _____ _____ and causes __________________
cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes an increase in the heart rate
What does the adrenal medulla do in terms of heart rate?
It exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion, which causes an increase in the heart rate.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries
Thick walled, muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away form the heart EXCEPT FOR THE PULMONARY ARTERIES
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Veins
Relatively thinly walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart EXCEPT FOR THE PULMONARY BEINS
What do the pulmonary veins do?
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What does much of the blood flow depend on?
Their compression by skeletal muscles during movement rather than on the pumping of the heart.
Venous circulation is often at odds with ____
gravity
Why are valves needed in larger veins?
To prevent backflow- because large veins are often at odds with gravity.
Capillaries
Very thin walled vessels (composed of only one layer of endothelial cells) across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes can readily diffuse
Which type of vessel have the smallest diameter?
Capillaries, RBCS must often travel through them in a single file.
What do lymph vessels transport?
Interstitial fluid (called lymph) to the cardiovascular system), thereby keeping fluid levels in the body constant.
True or false: Lymphatic system is the primary circulatory system
FALSE, the cardiovascular system is.
Lymph nodes
Swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that filter lymph, removing and destroying foreign particles and pathogens.
On average, the human body contains 4-6 liter of ____
blood
2 components of the blood
liquid (55%)- plasma
cellular (45%)
What is plasma?
An aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins
Types of blood proteins
immunoglobulins, albumins, and fibrinogen
The cellular components of blood are:
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What are erythrocytes?
Primary form of o2- carrying component of the blood. Also called red blood cells.
What does an erythrocyte contain?
250 million molecules of hemoglobin
How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin bind?
up to 4 oxygens per hemoglobin
When hemoglobin binds oxygen, it is called:
oxyhemoglobin
Shape of erythrocytes
Biconcave, disklike shape- gives them both increased surface area for gas exchange and greater flexibility for movement through capillaries.
How are erythrocytes formed?
From stem cells in the bone marrow where they lose their nuclei, mitochondria and membranous organelles.
Once mature, how long do RBS circulate the blood?
120 days, after which they are phagocytized by special cells in the spleen and liver.
Leukocytes– White blood cells
Larger than erythrocytes, serve protective functions
Macrophages
Leukocutes that migrate from blood to tissue and mature are macrophages
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that are involved in immune response and the production of antibodies (B cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T Cells)
Platelets
Cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation
What are the main component of the immune system?
Leukocytes
Amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream at the:
intestinal capillaries– and after processing are transported throughout the body.
Platelet plug
Platelets that adhere to each other as a result of coming into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel.
Thromboplastin
A clotting factor released by platelets and damaged tissue (after platelet plug is formed)– that along with vitamin K and calcium (cofactors) converts inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form (thrombin).
Thrombin
Converts fibrinogen (another plasma protein) into fibrin
Fibrin
Coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot
Serum
The fluid left after blood clotting
Antigens
non-self entities.
Specific immune system comprises the ____ immunity and ____ immunity
Humoral
Cell mediated
Humoral immunity involved the production of :
antibodies
Lymphocytes
Responsible for both humoral and cell mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection
Skin
Non specific. Barrier against bacterial invasion
Pores on skin’s surface secrete swear, which contains an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell wallls
Passages (e.g., the respiratory tract) are lined with _____
Lined with ciliated mucus-coated epithelia, which filter and trap foreign particles. Non specific immunity.
Macrophages
Engulf and destroy foreign particles as a part of NON specific immunity.
Inflammatory response
Initiated by body in response to physical damage– damaged cells release histamine, cause BVs to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to damaged regions
Granulocytes
Attracted to the injury site to phagocytize antigenic material.
Interferons
Proteins produced by cells under viral attach- diffuse to other cells where they help spread of the virus.
5 types of non-specific defense mechanisms
- Skin
- Passages
- Macrophages
- Inflammatory
Histamine
Granulocytes
Fever - Interferons
Antibodies are very specific to:
Antigen involved
Humoral immunity is responsible for the proliferation of
antibodies after exposure to antigens
Immunoglobins
Another name for antibodies
Complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger the immune system to remove them.
Antibodies either
- )
- )
1- Attract other cells (such as leukocytes) to phagocytize the antigen
2- Cause antigens to agglutinate and form large insoluble complexes, facilitating their removing by phagocytic cells
Active immunity
Production of antibodies during an immune response.
Achieved with vaccination– may require weeks to build up
Passive immunity
Involved the transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism– example, during pregnancy
Short lived
immediately acquired and usually not very specific
Gamma globulin
Fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies, can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity.
Two major groups of red blood cells antigens
ABO group
Rh factor
Universal recipient
AB blood
Universal Donor
O blood
True or False: Anti-A and Anti B antibodies can cross the placenta
FALSE
Translocation
What circulation in plants is called
What must transport systems in plants do?
Supply plant cell with nutrients and remove waste products.
Plant stem
Primary organ of transport in the plant
Vascular bundles
Run up and down the stem
Vascular bundle at the center of the stem contains:
xylem, phloem, and cambium cells
Xylem cells
thick-walled, hollow on the inside of the vascular bundle
What do xylem cells do
Carry water and minerals up the plant, and their thick walls give the plant rigit support
Older xylem cells:
die and are used for lumber
Sapwood
outer layer of xylem. Alive.
Two types of xylem cells
Vessel cells
Tracheids
Transpiration pull
As water evaporates from the leaves of the plants, a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem
Capillary action
any liquid in a thin rube will rise because of the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube
Root pressure
water entering the root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes water up the stem.
Phloem
Thin-walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle
What do phloem cells do?
Transport nutrients (carbs) down the stem.
Types of phloem cells
- Sieve tube cells
2. Companion cells
Are phloem cells living or dead?
LIVING
If a tree is girdled by removing a strip of bark around the trunk, what happens?
Phloem connections are severed and tree will die
Cambium
Cells are two layers thick
actively dividing undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and phloem
Proceeding form the outside to inwards, the following layers occur:
epidermis- outer bark cortex phloem cambium xylem pith- tissue involved in storage of nutrients and plant support
Fibrivascular bundle
The phloem, cambium, and xylem layers
Root function
absorbs material through the root hairs and anchor the plant
Root hairs
specialized cells of the root epidermis with thin walled projections. Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
Layers of the root
epidermis cortex phloem xylem cambium
What contains the root hair cells?
epidermis
Meristem
actively dividing, undifferentiated cells of a plant
Cambium-type of meristem
lateral meristem
cambium
provides for lateral growth of the stem by adding to the phloem or xylem
apical meristem
located at the tips of roots and stems where division leads to increase in lenth.
