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Human Anatomy > Chapter 17: Sense Organ > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Sense Organ Flashcards

1
Q

what type of information do sensory receptors gather?

A

info about environment

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2
Q

each sensory receptor responds best to a type of stimulus? T o F

A

true

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3
Q

what type of energy does eye receptors receive?

A

light energy

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4
Q

what type of energy does ear receptors receive?

A

sound energy

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5
Q

What type of receptor converts stimulus energy into electrical energy?

A

transducers

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6
Q

what receptor has a resting membrane potential?

A

transducers

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7
Q

receptor membranes have _____ _____ ______ that respond to their type of stimulus.

A

modality gated channels

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8
Q

action potentials are conveyed to CNS for interpretation. T o F

A

true

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9
Q

what is the area supplied by a single neuron?

A

the receptive field

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10
Q

neurons in different regions of the body have receptive fields of different sizes. T o F

A

True

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11
Q

what size of receptive field allows for fine two-point discrimination?

A

small receptive field size

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12
Q

what is a stimulus we are consciously aware of and to enter consciousness signals must reach cerebral cortex?

A

Sensation

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13
Q

a lot of sensory input goes to other areas of the brain? T o F

A

True

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14
Q

what type of stimulus is based on “labeled line” ?

A

modality

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15
Q

intensity of stimulus determines the ____ of signals to CNS.

A

frequency

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16
Q

receptor _____ helps determine stimulus duration.

A

adaptation

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17
Q

what type of receptor shows limited adaptation; responds continually

A

tonic receptors

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18
Q

what type of receptor has decreased sensitivity to continuous stimulus?

A

adaptation receptors

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19
Q

what type of receptors adapt rapidly and only respond to new stimuli?

A

phasic receptors

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20
Q

what are the 5 types of modality stimulus?

A

chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors.

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21
Q

what modality receptor responds to chemicals chemicals dissolved in fluid?

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

what modality receptor responds to changes in temperature?

A

thermoreceptors

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23
Q

what modality receptor responds to changes in light intensity, color, and movement?

A

photoreceptors

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24
Q

what modality receptor responds to distortion of the cell membrane?

A

mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

what modality receptor responds to painful stimulus; damage to the body?

A

nociceptors

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26
Q

what receptor is abundant mechanoreceptors of the skin and mucous membranes. Ending encapsulated or unencapsulated?

A

tactile receptor

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27
Q

what type of tactile receptor has dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protection cover?

A

unencapsulated tactile receptors

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28
Q

what type of tactile receptor has neuron endings that are wrapped by CT or covered by CT and glial cells

A

encapsulated tactile receptors

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29
Q

what receptor is specialized mechanoreceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints; senses body position and movement?

A

proprioceptors

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30
Q

proprioceptors are all tonic receptors? meaning they adapt slowly

A

True

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31
Q

what are the three type of proprioceptors?

A

muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ, and joint kinesthetic receptor

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32
Q

what pathway projection sends sensory signals that are conveyed through the nervous system by paths of neurons?

A

somatosensory

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33
Q

what fiber order is for touch, pressure, and proprioception. these are large myelinated and fast.

A

first-order fibers

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34
Q

what fiber order terminates in the contralateral thalamus?

A

second-order fibers

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35
Q

what fiber order projects from the thalamus to the cerebrum?

A

third-order fibers

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36
Q

what is discomfort that makes us aware of injurious situations?

A

pain

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37
Q

what type of nerve conducts pain from the head to the brain

A

cranial nerves

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38
Q

what are the two types of tracts that conduct pain from below the head?

A

spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts

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39
Q

what type of pain is inaccurate localization of sensory signals?

A

referred pain

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40
Q

where do signals from the viscera perceived as originating from on and in the body?

A

skin and muscle

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41
Q

what type of neurons send signals via the same ascending tracts within the spinal cord?

A

somatic and visceral sensory neurons

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42
Q

what type of cortex is unable to determine their true source of pain?

A

somatosensory cortex

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43
Q

what are the accessory structures of the orbit?

A

eyebrows, eyelids (palpebrae), conjunctiva

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44
Q

what are eyelids called?

A

palpebrae

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45
Q

what are the two accessories of the eyelids?

A

palpebral fissure and eyelashes

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46
Q

what is the transparent lining of the eye and lid surfaces?

A

Conjunctiva

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47
Q

the _____ does not cover cornea so as not to interfere with light passage

A

Conjunctiva

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48
Q

the conjunctiva has numerous goblet cells to moisten eye, blood vessels to nourish sclera, nerve endings. T o F

A

True

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49
Q

what is conjunctivitis?

A

pink eye

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50
Q

what part of the eye produces, collects and drains fluid that lubricates, cleanses, and moistens eye. Reduces eyelid friction against microbes, oxygenates and nourishes cornea?

A

lacrimal apparatus

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51
Q

what part of the eye produces, secretes fluid through ducts? produces tears

A

lacrimal gland

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52
Q

fluid drains into _____ _____, through _____ _____ and into _____ _____. Sac drain through _____ _____ to nasal cavity. Fluid mixed with mucus and is swallowed. excess = tears

A

lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculus, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct.

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53
Q

what are the optical components of the eye

A

aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body

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54
Q

what are the 2 chambers of the aqueous humor?

A

anterior (from iris to cornea) and posterior (from lens to iris)

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55
Q

where is the vitreous chamber located in the eye?

A

behind the lens

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56
Q

what is the disease called when your aqueous humor fails to drain? can cause increased intraocular pressure

A

glaucoma

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57
Q

what cavity of the eye is in front of the lens that contains circulating aqueous humor? This cavity also nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea.

A

anterior cavity

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58
Q

what cavity of the eye is behind the lens with permanent vitreous humor? this cavity also maintains eye shape and keeps retina flush against back of the eye.

A

posterior cavity

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59
Q

what is the part of the eye that is cells lost organelles and filled with crystallin protein?

A

lens

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60
Q

the lens shape is determined by ___ ___ and ____ ____.

A

ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament

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61
Q

the lens shape determines the degree of light refraction and focuses the light on the retina. T o F

A

True

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62
Q

what is the tough outer layer of the eye?

A

fibrous tunic

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63
Q

what is the white of the eye that is made of of dense irregular tissue?

A

sclera

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64
Q

what does the sclera provide for the eye?

A

eye shape, protects internal components, and attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles

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65
Q

what is the anterior convex transparent “window” of the eye?

A

cornea

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66
Q

does the cornea refract light? T o F

A

true

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67
Q

what tunic houses blood and lymph vessels, and intrinsic muscle?

A

Vascular tunic

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68
Q

what part of the eye is an extensive posterior region. Has many capillaries nourish retina, many melanocytes make melanin to absorb extraneous light?

A

Choroid

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69
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body?

A

supports the lens and forms a muscular ring around it

70
Q

what is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

controls tension on the lens and is thus very important in focusing it.

71
Q

what part of the gives eye color and controls the diameter of the pupil?

A

iris

72
Q

what muscles in the eye are concentrically circular fibers that constrict the pupil with parasympathetic activity?

A

sphincter pupillae muscles

73
Q

what muscle in the eye is radially organized smooth muscle that dilates the pupil with sympathetic activity?

A

dilator pupillae muscle

74
Q

what reflex in the eye alters pupil size in response to light

A

pupillary reflex

75
Q

what tunic houses the photoreceptors and associated neurons receive light and convert it to nerve signals?

A

neural tunic

76
Q

what are the 3 layers of the retina?

A

photoreceptor cell layer, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer

77
Q

what layer of the retina is in the outermost neural layer and contains rods and cones with pigments that react to light?

A

photoreceptor cell layer

78
Q

what layer of the retina is where dendrites receive synaptic input from rods and cones?

A

bipolar cell layer

79
Q

what layer of the retina is the innermost neural layer where axons gather at optic disc and form optic nerve?

A

ganglion cell layer

80
Q

do cephalopods have reversed order layers on the retina sublayers? T o F

A

true

81
Q

what are the components of the retina?

A

optic disc, macula lutea, peripheral retina

82
Q

what is the component of the retina that is the blind spot where the ganglion axons exit toward the brain?

A

optic disc; also does not contain photoreceptors

83
Q

what component of the retina is lateral to the optic disc and contains fovea centralis; area of sharpest vision?

A

Macula lutea

84
Q

what component of the retina contains primarily rods, functions most effectively in low light; can’t see color?

A

peripheral retina

85
Q

what component of the eye is highly sensitive to even dim light?

A

rods

86
Q

what component of the eye is activated by high intensity light and allows for color vision?

A

cones

87
Q

what is the condition where there is a absense or deficit in one type of cone cell?

A

color blindness

88
Q

is color blindness more common in females? T o F

A

false

89
Q

what tract in the eye contains axons from both eyes, and those axons will project to either the thalamus or the midbrain? ganglion cells from both sides

A

optic tract

90
Q

medial axons cross to opposite side of the brain? T o F

A

True

91
Q

what is the process called when the lateral axons remain on same side?

A

hemidecussation

92
Q

what does the ear detect?

A

sound and head movement

93
Q

what cranial nerve transmits the ear signals to the brain?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

94
Q

what are three components of the external ear?

A

auricle, external acoustic (auditory) meatus, tympanic membrane

95
Q

what is the funnel shaped visible part with elastic cartilage on the outside of the ear?

A

auricle

96
Q

what does the auricle do?

A

protects entry way, directs sound in ward

97
Q

what is the component of the external ear makes up the ear canal and extends to the tympanic membrane?

A

external acoustic (auditory) meatus

98
Q

what is the component of the external ear that makes up the ear drum?

A

tympanic membrane

99
Q

what is the part of the ear that has an air filled tympanic cavity and a bony wall separating it from the inner ear?

A

middle ear

100
Q

what are the 2 membrane covered openings in the middle ear?

A

oval and round window

101
Q

what is the passage from the middle ear to the nasopharynx (upper throat)?

A

auditory tube

102
Q

when someone is yawning what happens to the auditory tube?

A

opens up allowing air movement through the tube which equalizes pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane.

103
Q

when the middle ear gets infections what is usually the cause?

A

infections spreading from throat to auditory tube

104
Q

what are the 3 components of the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

105
Q

what is the part of the middle ear that amplifies sound waves and transmits them to the oval window?

A

auditory ossicles

106
Q

what is the maze like spaces in your temporal bone that is part of your ear?

A

inner ear

107
Q

what type of duct does your cochlea have?

A

cochlear duct

108
Q

what are the 2 sack like membranous parts of the vestibule?

A

utricle and saccule

109
Q

what type of ducts do semicircular canals contain?

A

semicircular ducts

110
Q

what is the main function of the inner ear?

A

to detect acceleration of the head and sound

111
Q

what is the snail-shaped chamber of the inner ear?

A

cochlea

112
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth in the cochlea?

A

cochlear duct

113
Q

what are the two membranes that form the roof and the floor of the cochlear duct?

A

vestibular and basilar membrane

114
Q

what is the chamber of the cochlea that is made of bony labyrinth and is adjacent to basilar membrane?

A

scala vestibuli

115
Q

what is the chamber of the cochlea that is made of bony labyrinth that is adjacent to the basilar membrane?

A

scala tympani

116
Q

what is the part of the cochlea that is the sensory structure for hearing with in the cochlear duct?

A

spiral organ

117
Q

what organ of the cochlea is made up of thick sensory epithelium consisting of hair cells and supporting cells on basilar membrane?

A

spiral organ

118
Q

the base of hair cells synapse with sensory neurons? T o F

A

True

119
Q

what is the perception of sound?

A

pressure waves established from vibrating objects

120
Q

what is the frequency of the vibrations?

A

pitch

121
Q

what is the rate of vibration?

A

frequency

122
Q

what does loudness depend on?

A

amplitude

123
Q

when things are louder their is smaller movements of basilar membrane which results in a faster rate of nerve signals? T o F

A

False; larger

124
Q

what is the receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration?

A

macula

125
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

awareness and monitoring of head position

126
Q

what part of the inner ear monitors equilibrium?

A

vestibular apparatus

127
Q

what are the 3 components of the vestibular apparatus?

A

utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts

128
Q

does equilibrium help send information to the brain to help keep our balance? T o F

A

true

129
Q

what parts of the vestibular apparatus detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration?

A

utricle and saccule

130
Q

what does the last part of the vestibular detects angular acceleration?

A

semicircular ducts

131
Q

bending stereocilia away kinocilium depolarizes hair cells and increases their transmitter release. T o F

A

false, toward

132
Q

the bend of stereocilia toward kinocilium increases or decreases impulse of frequency?

A

increases

133
Q

what is the region of the angular acceleration that is the base of each semicircular canal?

A

ampulla

134
Q

does the ampulla consist of crista ampullaris with hair cells and support cells? T o F

A

True

135
Q

stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous ____.

A

cupula

136
Q

when the head rotates endolymph pushes against cupula. T o F

A

True

137
Q

what bends sterocilia and changes hair cell voltage?

A

cupula

138
Q

depolarization of the hair cell occurs when…

A

the stereocilia is bent toward the kinocilium

139
Q

hyperpolarization of the hair cell occurs when….

A

the stereocilia is bent away from the kinocilium

140
Q

what is the pathway that signals from the maculae or crista ampullaris that are conveyed by the vestibular branch of CN VIII?

A

equilibrium pathways

141
Q

axons terminate in vestibular nuclei or cerebellum in the equilibrium pathways? T o F

A

true

142
Q

vestibular nuclei and cerebellum send signals to what part of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

143
Q

thalamus relays information to the _____ _____ for awareness of body position.

A

cerebral cortex

144
Q

what is the function where odorants dissolve in nasal mucus detected by chemoreceptors?

A

olfaction

145
Q

what type of epithelium has sensory receptor organs in superior nasal cavity?

A

olfactory epithelium

146
Q

what are the three cell types of olfactory epithelium?

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells

147
Q

what cell type of the olfactory epithelium detects specific odorants via chemoreceptors?

A

olfactory receptor cells

148
Q

what cell type of the olfactory epithelium is a sustained receptor?

A

supporting cells

149
Q

what cell type of the olfactory epithelium continually replaces olfactory receptor cells?

A

basal cells

150
Q

what is the function of the lamina propria?

A

houses blood vessels and is internal to olfactory epithelium

151
Q

what glands form mucus covering olfactory epithelium?

A

olfactory glands

152
Q

what part of the olfactory epithelium is the ends of the olfactory tracts located under brain’s frontal lobes?

A

olfactory bulb

153
Q

what part of the olfactory epithelium is made up of axon bundles on the inferior frontal lobe surface, project directly to primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe), hypothalamus, amygdala, and other regions?

A

olfactory tracts

154
Q

what proteins detect smells and stimulate receptor cells

A

odorant-binding proteins

155
Q

when detecting smells the secondary neuron conducts signals to various CNS areas. what areas?

A

cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala

156
Q

signals do or do not pass through the thalamus before stimulating primary olfactory cortex at medial side of temporal lobe in the olfactory projection pathways in the brain?

A

do not

157
Q

what are these areas called: orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

A

secondary areas

158
Q

what pathway evokes strong memories, emotions, and visceral reactions?

A

olfactory projection pathways

159
Q

gustastion is the sense of….

A

taste

160
Q

what part of the tongue helps manipulate food and some contain taste buds?

A

papillae of tongue

161
Q

what part of your tongue is onion-shaped organs housing taste receptors?

A

taste buds

162
Q

what three cells are apart of your taste buds?

A

gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

163
Q

what cells in your taste buds are taste receptor cells?

A

gustatory cells

164
Q

what cells in your taste buds sustain G cells?

A

supporting cells

165
Q

what cells in your taste buds are neural stem cells that replace G cells?

A

basal cells

166
Q

what pathway has sensory neurons that connect to multiple gustatory cells in the tongue and project to medulla through CN VII and IX?

A

gustatory pathway

167
Q

what nerve functions the anterior tongue?

A

facial Nerve (CN VII)

168
Q

what nerve functions the posterior tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

169
Q

what nerve functions the palate, pharynx, and epiglottis?

A

Vagus (X)

170
Q

where do the secondary-order neurons go in the gustatory projection pathway to the cerebral cortex?

A

medulla

171
Q

what part of the brain mediates autonmic reflexes?

A

hypothalamus

172
Q

what part of the brain sends signals to cortex for conscious perception of taste?

A

thalamus

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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