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Human Anatomy > Chapter 16: TheAutonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 16: TheAutonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

what nervous system transmits signal from the CNS to the heart, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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2
Q

the ____ responds to visceral sensory inputs.

A

ANS

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3
Q

The ANS functions to maintain homeostasis? T o F

A

True

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4
Q

what type of reflexes are unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses of visceral effectors to stimuli?

A

visceral reflexes

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5
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

what division of the ANS is your “fight or flight”/action responses?

A

sympathetic division

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5
Q

what divison of the ANS is your “rest and digest”/ calming responses?

A

parasympathetic divison

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6
Q

what are the two motor neurons that are chained together to reach effector?

A

The ganglionic (postganglionic) neuron (lower) and the preganglionic neuron (upper)

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7
Q

what motor neuron has a cell body within the brainstem or spinal cord?

A

preganglionic neuron

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8
Q

what neuron has a cell body within the autonomic ganglion?

A

postganglionic neuron

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9
Q

what are advantages for ANS to use a chain of 2 neurons?

A

neuronal convergence and divergence

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10
Q

what is the advantage where multiple preganglionic neurons synapsing on one ganglionic?

A

neuronal convergence

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11
Q

what is the advantage where branches of axon from one preganglionic neuron synapsing with numerous ganglionic neurons?

A

neuronal divergence

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12
Q

what are the effectors of the ANS and SNS?

A

ANS= skeletal muscle; SNS= glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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13
Q

what is the control of the SNS?

A

usually voluntary

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14
Q

what is the control of the ANS?

A

usually involuntary

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15
Q

what is the efferent pathway of the SNS?

A

one nerve fiber from the CNS to effector; no ganglia

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16
Q

what is the efferent pathway of the ANS?

A

two nerve fibers from CNS to effector; synapse at a ganglion

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17
Q

what are the distal nerve endings of the SNS?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

what are the distal nerve endings of the ANS?

A

varicosities

19
Q

what neurotransmitters are associated with the SNS?

A

ACh

20
Q

what neurotransmitters are associated with the ANS?

A

ACh and NE

21
Q

what how does the SNS have on target cells?

A

always excitatory

22
Q

what how does the ANS have on target cells?

A

excitatory or inhibitory

23
Q

how does the SNS have an effect on denervation?

A

flaccid paralysis

24
Q

how does the ANS have an effect on denervation?

A

denervation hypersensitivity

25
Q

in the thoracolumbar division where is the preganglionic neurosomas located in?

A

lateral horn

26
Q

what fibers enter ganglia through white communicating rami?

A

preganglionic fibers

27
Q

what fibers leave the ganglia by various routes including gray communicating rami?

A

postganglionic fibers

28
Q

what division on the ANS is selective in its stimulation of target organs?

A

parasympathetic division

29
Q

what are the four cranial nerves that control the fibers in the parasympathetic division?

A

CN III, CN VII, CN IX, and CN X

30
Q

what is the nervous system of the digestive tract?

A

the enteric nervous system

31
Q

the _____ nervous system innervates smooth muscle and glands

A

enteric

32
Q

what does the enteric nervous system regulate?

A

motility of the esophagus, stomach and intestines and secretion of digestive enzymes and acid

33
Q

what is it called when the organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

dual innervation

34
Q

are ACh secreting cells called “cholinergic” fibers T o F

A

true

35
Q

ACh is secreted by…

A
  • preganglionic neurons of both divisions.
  • postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division.
  • a few postganglionic neurons of sympathetic division
36
Q

what cells are influenced by ACh and have cholinergic receptors?

A
  • Muscarinic receptors are on involuntary effectors.
  • Nicotinic receptors are on postganglionic neurons.
37
Q

NE secreting cells are called “adrenergic” fibers T o F

A

True

38
Q

what is NE secreted by…

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

39
Q

cells influenced by NE have adrenergic receptors T o F

A

True

40
Q

Autonomic output originates in the PNS or CNS?

A

CNS

41
Q

central controls have input from what parts of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and somatic nervous system.

42
Q

the hypothalamus contains nuclei for _____ functions including: hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and sexual response

A

autonomic

43
Q

how is Raynaud syndrome affected by your ANS and results in loss of normal hue of distal fingers

A

due to exaggerated local sympathetic response; triggered by cold or emotional response

44
Q

what are the three types of sympathetic pathways?

A

spinal. sympathetic, and splanchnic nerve routes

45
Q

most of the nerves are serving the head or neck area? T o F

A

true

46
Q

the correct order than an action potential travels from a stimulus to the resulting action?

A

sensory receptor, afferent neuron, association neuron, efferent neuron, effector cell

47
Q

the sympathetic division produces only excitatory effects while the parasympathetic division produces only inhibitory effects; T o F

A

false

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