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Human Anatomy > Chapter 11: The Axial Musculature > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Axial Musculature Flashcards

1
Q

axial muscles

A
  • origins and insertions both on axial skeleton
  • support/move head and vertebral column
  • function in facial expression, breathing, chewing, swallowing
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2
Q

appendicular muscles

A
  • movements of upper/lower limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles
  • organized into groups based on location
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3
Q

what are the different skeletal muscle attachments?

A

tendon and aponeurosis

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4
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle

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5
Q

aponeurosis

A

thin, flattened sheet like tendon

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of axial muscle attachment?

A

superior attachment and inferior attachment

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7
Q

superior attachment is usually more moveable? T o F

A

true

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8
Q

inferior attachment is usually less movable? T o F

A

True

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of axial muscle attachment?

A

proximal attachment and distal attachment

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10
Q

distal attachment is usually more moveable? T o F

A

true

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11
Q

proximal attachment is usually less moveable? T o F

A

true

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12
Q

does contraction pull radius toward scapula, flexing the elbow? T o F

A

True

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13
Q

Distal attachment of biceps brachii is on radius T o F

A

True

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14
Q

Proximal attachments of biceps brachii are on scapula T o F

A

True

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15
Q

what are the 4 vaired organizations of fascicles?

A

circular, parallel, convergent, and pennate muscles

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16
Q

what are the three subtypes of pennate muscles?

A

unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate

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17
Q

circular muscles

A

concentrically arranged, create a sphincter, control material passage through an opening

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18
Q

parallel muscles

A

run parallel to the muscle’s long axis, sometimes have an expanded central belly, has high endurance

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19
Q

convergent muscles

A

merge toward a common attachment site, can pull in varying directions, not as hard as parallel muscles

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20
Q

pennate muscles

A

organized as if part of a large feather, fibers pull at an angle to the tendon, generates more tension but not as much as parallel muscles.

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21
Q

unipennate muscles

A

fascicles on same side of tendon

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22
Q

bipennate muscles

A

fascicles on both sides of tendon; most common

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23
Q

multipennate muscles

A

branches of tendon within muscle, and fascicles arranged around both sides of each tendon

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24
Q

what muscle is an example of a unipennate muscle?

A

extensor digitorum

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25
Q

what muscle is an example of a bipennate muscle?

A

rectus femoris

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26
Q

what muscle is an example of a multipennate muscle?

A

deltoid

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27
Q

what muscle is an example of a circular muscle?

A

orbicularis oris

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28
Q

what muscle is an example of a parallel muscle?

A

rectus abdominis

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29
Q

what muscle is an example of a convergent muscle?

A

pectoralis major

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30
Q

intermuscular septa

A

spaces enclosed by fasciae

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31
Q

what is a compartment made up of?

A

one or more functionally related muscles with nerves and blood vessels

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32
Q

what type of compartments does the upper limbs have?

A

anterior and posterior compartments

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33
Q

what type of compartments does the lower limbs have?

A

anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral compartments

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34
Q

what are the groups of primary actions in muscles?

A

agonist, antagonist, and synergist

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35
Q

agonist

A

prime mover muscles that contract to produce a movement

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36
Q

triceps brachii is agonist for forearm extension T o F

A

True

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37
Q

antagonist

A

muscles whose contraction opposes that of the agonist; allows for smooth movement of controlled speed

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38
Q

biceps brachii, is antagonist for forearm extension T o F

A

true

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39
Q

synergist

A

muscles that assist agonists by helping with tension or stabilizing point of origin/bone movements

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40
Q

biceps brachii and brachialis muscle work synergistically to flex elbow joint T o F

A

True

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41
Q

what does the flexor digitorum do?

A

flexes digits

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42
Q

where is the rectus femoris

A

near the femur

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43
Q

why is the sternocleidomastoid named this?

A

because it originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process

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44
Q

why is the rectus abdominis named this?

A

because it is composed of fibers running in vertically, straight orientation

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45
Q

why is the deltoid named this?

A

because it is shaped like a triangular delta symbol

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46
Q

why is the abductor pollicis longus named this

A

because it is a long muscle

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47
Q

what are the advantages of intramuscular injections?

A
  • one route of medication administration
  • medication to cardiovascular system through muscle’s blood vessels
  • allows large amount of medication to be given at once
  • Ensures slower and more uniform delivery than orally or intravenously
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48
Q

what are the common sites of intramuscular injections?

A

deltoid, gluteal, quadriceps

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49
Q

what are some examples of intramuscular injections?

A

vaccines, some contraceptive medications, some antibiotics

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50
Q

what muscles do the spinal nerves innervate?

A

below the neck muscles

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51
Q

what muscles do the cranial nerves innervate?

A

head and neck

52
Q

what are the muscles associated with the forehead, scalp and eyebrows?

A

Occipitofrontalis muscle and Corrugator supercilii muscle

53
Q

what are the muscles associated with the eyelids?

A

Orbicularis oculi and Levator palpebrae superioris

54
Q

what are the muscles associated with the nose?

A

Nasalis and Procerus

55
Q

what is the function of the Occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

raise eyebrows

56
Q

what is the function of the corrugator supercilii muscle?

A

draws eyebrows together

57
Q

what is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

closes eyes

58
Q

what is the function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

A

elevates upper eyelid

59
Q

what is the function of the nasalis muscle?

A

flares out nostrils

60
Q

what is the function of the procerus muscle?

A

wrinkles nose in distaste

61
Q

what are the muscles associated with the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major/minor, buccinator

62
Q

what is the function of the Orbicularis oris?

A

closes the mouth, puckers lips (bottom lip)

63
Q

what is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?

A

pulls lower lip inferiorly

64
Q

what is the function of the depressor anguli oris?

A

pulls corners of the mouth inferiorly to frown

65
Q

what is the function of the levator labii superioris?

A

: pulls upper lip superiorly

66
Q

what is the function of the levator anguli oris?

A

pulls corners of mouth superiorly and laterally; Smiling along with zygomaticus major/minor

67
Q

what is the function of the buccinator?

A

compresses cheek against the teeth when chewing

68
Q

what muscle makes you frown?

A

depressor anguli oris

69
Q

what muscle makes you blink/open your eyes?

A

orbicularis oculi

70
Q

what muscle makes you smile?

A

zygomaticus major

71
Q

what muscle makes you close mouth/kiss?

A

orbicularis oris

72
Q

what muscle makes you wrinkle your forehead/raise your eyebrows?

A

frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

73
Q

what muscle makes you tense the skin of the neck?

A

platysma

74
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

extraocular, insert on to outer surface of the eye and move it

75
Q

what is the function of the medial rectus? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

pulls eye medially, CN III

76
Q

what is the function of the lateral rectus? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

pulls eye laterally, CN VI

77
Q

what is the function of the inferior rectus? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

pulls eye inferiorly/medially, CN III

78
Q

what is the function of the superior rectus? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

pulls eye superiorly or medially, CN III

79
Q

what is the function of the inferior oblique? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

elevates/turns eye laterally, CN III

80
Q

what is the function of the superior oblique? what cranial nerve innervates it?

A

depresses /turns the eye laterally, has a pulley like loop (trochlea), CN IV

81
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

82
Q

4 paird muscles move mandible all innervated by CN V is called?

A

muscles of mastication

83
Q

what is the function of the Temporalis?

A

elevates/pulls the mandible posteriorly (retracts)

84
Q

what is the function of the masseter?

A

elevates/pulls the mandible anteriorly (protracts); Most powerful and important masticatory muscle

85
Q

what is the function of the medial and lateral pterygoid?

A

protraction and side to side movement of mandible

86
Q

the tongue consists of _____ ____ that change shape during chewing and speaking.

A

intrinsic muscles

87
Q

where do extrinsic muscles arise?

A

in head and neck and attach to tongue

88
Q

do extrinsic muscles or intrinsic muscles produce movements for manipulating food and speaking?

A

extrinsic muscles and innervated by CN III

89
Q

extrinsic muscles are not actually inside the mouth? T o F

A

True

90
Q

pharynx

A

a funnel-shaped tube (throat) located posterior to oral and nasal cavities

91
Q

superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

aid swallowing and are innervated by CN X

92
Q

Suprahyoid muscles function

A

Elevate hyoid bone during swallowing or speaking

93
Q

infrahyoid muscles function

A

Depress hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage of larynx as swallowing finishes

94
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the suprahyoid muscles group?

A

Digastric, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid

95
Q

what are the 4 muscles in the infrahyoid muscles group?

A

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid

96
Q

Anterolateral neck muscles

A

flex neck

97
Q

Sternocleidomastoid bilateral function

A

putting chin down to neck

98
Q

sternocleidomastoid unilateral function

A

rotation of head to opposite side

99
Q

Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles function

A

Pull cervical vertebrae toward 1st and 2nd ribs (lateral flexion of neck), elevate 1st and 2nd ribs during forced inhalation. Work with sternocleidomastoid to flex neck

100
Q

what are the posterior neck muscles? functions?

A

trapezius, Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, longissimus capitis; work to extend the neck

101
Q

trapezius function

A

moves pectoral girdle, helps extend neck

102
Q

what are the 3 muscles of vertebral column?

A

erector spinae, transversospinalis muscles, and quadratus lumborum muscles

103
Q

what is the function of the erector spinae?

A

maintain upright posture; bilaterally extend vertebral column, unilaterally lateral flexion toward that side

104
Q

what is the function of the Transversospinalis muscles?

A

connect/stabilize the vertebrae; deep to erector spinae

105
Q

what is the function of the Quadratus lumborum muscles?

A

Extend vertebral column bilaterally, laterally flexes column when unilaterally contracted; located primarily in the lumbar region

106
Q

what is the function of inspiration (inhalation)

A

Several muscles contract to increase the size of the thoracic cavity, allowing lungs to fill with air

107
Q

what is the function of expiration (exhalation)

A

Some respiratory muscles contract and others relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of lungs

108
Q

Serratus posterior superior function

A

elevates ribs (forced inspiration), increases lateral dimensions of thorax

109
Q

serratus inferior superior function

A

depresses ribs (forced expiration)

110
Q

Scalene muscles function

A

elevate 1st and 2nd ribs (forced inhalation)

111
Q

External intercostals function

A

elevate ribs (inspiration), expanding cavity

112
Q
A
113
Q

internal intercostals function

A

depress ribs (forced expiration)

114
Q

what is the Diaphragm and its function?

A

Contracts during inspiration; fibers converge toward fibrous central tendon, which is pulled inferiorly, increasing dimension of thoracic cavity

115
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Unilateral contraction of oblique muscles and transversus abdominis helps laterally flex the vertebral column and rotate it toward the side opposite the contraction

116
Q

what is the function of the rectus abdominis?

A

flexes waist

117
Q

what is the function of the transverse abdominal?

A

compresses abdominal contents

118
Q

what are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis

119
Q

what is the function of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

compress and hold organs in place, helps with forced expiration, and flexes vertebral column

120
Q

what is an inguinal hernias?

A

Loop of small intestine protrudes through superficial inguinal ring

121
Q

what are the symptoms of inguinal hernias?

A

High abdominal pressure (for example, straining to lift something heavy) can push intestine into canal

122
Q

how do physicians test for inguinal hernias?

A

palpating inguinal ring while patient coughs

123
Q

why are inguinal hernias more likely in males?

A

because of the migration of the testes down the the abdominal region

124
Q

what is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

support pelvic viscera

125
Q

what does the urogenital triangle contain?

A

external genitalia and urethra

126
Q

what does the anal triangle contain?

A

anus

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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