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Human Anatomy > Chapter 10: muscle tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10: muscle tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of a skeletal muscle?

MMPPR

A

to move, maintain posture/stabilize joints, protect and support (internal organs), regulate elimination of materials, and to produce heat

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2
Q

What are the properties of the skeletal muscle?

A

Excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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3
Q

What is the skeletal muscle made up of?

A

muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

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4
Q

what is the Epimysium layer of the skeletal muscle?

A

dense irregular CT that wraps around the whole muscle (outside muscle)

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5
Q

what is the Perimysium layer of the skeletal muscle?

A

wrapping fascicles, bundles of blood vessels and nerves (around muscle)

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6
Q

what is the Endomysium layer of the skeletal muscle?

A

areolar CT that wraps around individual fibers

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7
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibers

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8
Q

what are the two types of attachments of muscle to bone?

A

tendons and aponeurosis

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9
Q

what is a tendon?

A

cordlike structure of dense regular connective tissue

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10
Q

what is aponeurosis?

A

thin, flattened sheet of dense irregular tissue

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11
Q

what is deep fascia?

A

separates individual tissues (Dense irregular CT)

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12
Q

what is superficial fascia?

A

separates muscles from the skin (areolar and adipose CT)

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13
Q

are skeletal muscles vascularised? T o F

A

true

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14
Q

what do blood vessels and nerves deliver and remove?

A

deliver oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products

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15
Q

Skeletal muscles are innervated by somatic neurons. is this voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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16
Q

do axons of neurons branch terminate at the neuromuscular junction or keep going down the axon?

A

they terminate at the neuromuscular junction

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17
Q

the multiple nuclei cells are the result of

A

when myoblast fuse

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18
Q

the satellite cells are a results of

A

some nearby myoblasts

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19
Q

the function of satellite cells are to

A

support and repair muscle fibers

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20
Q

what are the parts of a muscle cell (fiber)?

A

Sarcoplasm, sarcolemma: T-tubules.

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21
Q

where is sarcoplasm located?

A

in between myofibrils

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22
Q

sarcoplasm is the result of

A

typical organelles plus contractile proteins and other specializations

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23
Q

sarcolemma allows to have… that allow for…

A

voltage-gated ion channels; conduction for electrical signals

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24
Q

t-tubules extend where into the cell and contain what channels?

A

deep into the cell, and contain voltage-sensitive calcium channels

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25
Q

myofibrils consist of

A

bundles of myofilaments enclosed in sarcoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of… and store…

A

internal membrane; calcium release into sarcoplasm

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27
Q

myofilaments function is to

A

contractile proteins within myofibrils; contracts your muscles

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28
Q

myofilaments consist of

A

thin and thick filaments

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29
Q

thin filaments consist of

A

bundles of myosin

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30
Q

thin filaments contain

A

twisted stands of actin with myosin binding sites where myosin heads attached

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31
Q

What is the organization of a sarcomere?

A

overlapping thin and thick filaments,

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32
Q

what does their relative positions give rise to?

A

alternating dark (overlap) and light (only thin) bands of skeletal muscle.

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33
Q

what can you see on a skeletal muscle fiber slide?

A

nucleus, muscle fiber, endomysium and striations

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33
Q

what is the most common hereditary disease where skeletal muscles degenerate?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

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34
Q

what are the different types of muscle cells that produce energy for the muscles?

A

mitochondria, myoglobin, glycogen, and creatine phosphate

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34
Q

what is the function of mitochondria? every muscle cell has this

A

used for aerobic ATP production

35
Q

what is the function of myoglobin?

A

allows for oxygen storage which is then used for ATP production

36
Q

What is the function of Glycogen?

A

is used for when fuel is needed quickly

37
Q

what is creatinine phosphate used for?

A

to quickly give up its phosphate group to help replenish ATP supply; holds all your muscles together

38
Q

a motor unit consists of..

A

a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls

39
Q

small motor units consist of..

A

less than 5 muscle fibers and allows for precise control of force

40
Q

large motor units consist of…

A

1000s of muscle fibers for production of large forces

41
Q

what is the function of the neuromuscular junction

A

the site of release of neurotransmitters (ACh) from synaptic vesicles; this excites the muscle fibers

42
Q

the synaptic knob houses…

A

synaptic vesicles filled with ACh; calcium gradient

43
Q

the motor end plate houses…

A

membrane channels permitting sodium entry and potassium exit

44
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

narrow fluid filled space between; where ACh resides

45
Q

how is synaptic function altered in Myathenia Gravis?

A

autoimmune disease, attack on postsynaptic ACh receptors
results in decreased muscle stimulation, rapid fatigue/weakness

46
Q

what are the 3 steps of excitation?

A
  1. nerve signal arrives at the axon terminal
  2. the synaptic vessels release ACh which then diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, opening ion gates and exciting muscle
  3. excitation spreads down and through the muscle
47
Q

what are the next 5 steps in excitation- contraction coupling?

A
  1. electrical impulses triggers calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. calcium binds troponin, which moves tropomyosin to expose actin; starts actual contraction
  3. myosin breaks down ATP and extends head
  4. Myosin forms cross-bridge with actin
  5. Myosin pulls actin in power stroke, then detaches, reattaches, pulls again, etc.
48
Q

what are the last two steps in relaxation?

A
  1. nerve signal stops
  2. sarcoplasmic reticulum reabsorbs calcium, troponin blockade resumes and tension subsides
49
Q

how is the synaptic function altered in tetanus?

A

blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord which results in over stimulation of muscles

50
Q

how is the synaptic cleft altered in botulism?

A

prevents release of ACh at the synaptic knobs

51
Q

what are the different cell types used for supplying energy for skeletal muscle metabolism?

A

Creatine phosphate, glycolysis, and aerobic cellular respiration

52
Q

how does creatine phosphate provide energy for metabolism?

A

creates a high energy bond b/w creatine and phosphate, P can be transferred to ADP; creates 10-15 secs of add. energy (immediate energy source)

53
Q

what does glycolysis do when supplying energy for the skeletal muscle metabolism?

A

first doesn’t require energy; glucose converted to pyruvate –> 2ATP/glucose (short-term energy)

54
Q

what does aerobic cellular respiration do when supplying energy for the skeletal muscle metabolism?

A

provides oxygen and mitochondria; pyruvate –> CO2, ETC–> oxphos –> ~30 ATP/glucose (long term energy)

55
Q

what is oxygen debt?

A

the amount of add. O2 needed after exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions

56
Q

what cell types need additional oxygen to replace O2 on

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin, replenish glycogen, ATP, creatine phosphate which converts lactic acid back to glucose

57
Q

how do the types of contractions generated differ?

A

power, speed and duration

58
Q

what is power?

A

the diameter of the muscle fiber

59
Q

what is speed and duration?

A

type of myosin ATPase, quickness of AP propagation, and quickness of calcium release/re-uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

What is the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch fibers?

A

fast twitch fibers are more powerful and have quicker and briedfer contractions than slow twitch fibers

61
Q

what are the two means for supplying ATP?

A

oxidative and glycolytic

62
Q

what are Oxidative (fatigue-resistant) aka “red” fibers?

A

used for aerobic, extensive capillaries, lots of mt and myoglobin

63
Q

what are Glycolytic (fatigable) aka “white” fibers?

A

anaerobic, fewer capillaries, mt myoglobin, large glycogen reserves

64
Q

what are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Slow oxidative (SO) fibers (type I), Fast oxidative (FO) fibers (type IIa, intermediate), and Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers (type IIx, fast anaerobic)

65
Q

What is the function of Slow oxidative (SO) fibers?

A

Contractions are slower and less powerful, High endurance since ATP supplied aerobically, About half the diameter of other fibers, red in color due to myoglobin.

66
Q

What is the function of Fast oxidative (FO) fibers?

A

Contractions are fast and powerful, Primarily aerobic respiration, but delivery of oxygen lower, Intermediate size, light red in color

67
Q

what is the function of Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers?

A

Contractions are fast and powerful, Contractions are brief, as ATP production is primarily anaerobic, Largest size, white in color due to lack of myoglobin

68
Q

hands have a high percentage of fast glycolytic fibers for quickness T o F

A

True

69
Q

Back muscles have a high % of slow oxidative fibers to continually maintain postural support T o F

A

True

70
Q

do long distance runners have higher proportions of slow oxidative fibers in their legs? T o F

A

true

71
Q

do sprinters have high percentage of fast glycolytic fibers? T o F

A

true

72
Q

Resistance exercise stimulates production of more myofilaments, thus more myofibrils. does this provide growth my hypertrophy? T o F

A

True, not hyperplasia

73
Q

do muscle fiber undergo mitosis? T o F

A

false

74
Q

Exercise also stimulates production of mitochondria, myoglobin, glycogen, and blood vessels. which is…

A

unused muscle atrophy (shrink)

75
Q

what is muscle tension?

A

Force generated when a muscle is stimulated to contract

76
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

resting tension in muscle

77
Q

what does muscle tone allow?

A

some motor units stimulated randomly (involuntarily)

78
Q

does muscle tone change continuously?

A

yes, to prevent unit fatigue

79
Q

does muscle tone keep muscle length and joints stable?

A

yes, not enough tension for movement

80
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

Tone stays constant, but length changes

81
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

Muscle length stays the same
ex: holding a weight while are doesn’t move; shoveling snow

82
Q

what is length-tension relationship?

A

The tension a muscle produces depends on its length at the time of stimulation

83
Q

Fiber at resting length generates maximum contractile force, what is happening to the thick and thin filaments during this time?

A

optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments

84
Q

does fiber at a shortened length or extended length generate weaker force? T o F

A

true

85
Q

what are the characteristics of a cardiac muscle?

A
  • Striated.
  • Short, stumpy, branched cells.
  • Intercalated discs with gap junctions.
  • Typically mononucleated.
  • Involuntary.
86
Q

what are the characteristics of a smooth muscle?

A
  • No striations.
  • Small, fusiform, cell with one nucleus.
  • Dense bodies link cytoskeleton and membrane.
  • Involuntary control.

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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