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Human Anatomy > Chapter 13: Nervous Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Nervous Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

collets information, processes and evaluates information, initiates response to information

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2
Q

____ detect _____ and send sensory signals to CNS

A

Receptors; stimuli

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3
Q

what parts of the body determine response to sensory input?

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

where are motor outputs via nerves of the brain and spinal cord sent out to?

A

effectors (muscles or glands)

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5
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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6
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

nerves and ganglia

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8
Q

what type of neuron are afferent, receives sensory information from receptors and transmits it to the CNS?

A

Sensory Neurons

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9
Q

what system detects stimuli that we consciously perceive?

A

somatic sensory system

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10
Q

what system detects stimuli that we typically do not perceive?

A

visceral sensory system

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11
Q

what system is efferent, initiates motor output, and transmits these signals from the CNS to effectors?

A

motor nervous system

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12
Q

in the somatic motor system, what type of signals are sent to the skeletal muscles?

A

voluntary

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13
Q

in the autonomic motor system, what types of signals are sent to the heart, smooth muscle and glands?

A

involuntary

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14
Q

what two divisions does the autonomic nervous system have?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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15
Q

what type of nerves have both sensory and motor neurons?

A

mixed nerves

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16
Q

in mixed nerves, individual axons transmit only ___ type of information

A

one

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17
Q

what type of neurons are in the CNS and communicate between sensory and motor neurons?

A

interneurons (association neurons)

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18
Q

what do interneurons do with the information they receive from other neurons?

A

receive, process, and integrate

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19
Q

what neuron makes up about 99% of our neurons?

A

interneurons

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20
Q

you need at least on interneuron in your spinal cord to send and receive signals T o F

A

true

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21
Q

what neuron has a motor output into the skeletal muscles?

A

motor neurons

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22
Q

what neuron has a sensory input from your skin receptors?

A

sensory neurons

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23
Q

what is a functional unit of the nervous system

A

a neuron

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24
Q

what are the general characteristics of a neuron

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, and amitotic

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25
Q

what is the general characteristic of a neuron that classifies as the responsiveness to a stimulus?

A

excitability

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26
Q

what is the general characteristic of a neuron that classifies as the ability to propagate electrical signals?

A

conductivity

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27
Q

what is the general characteristic of a neuron that classifies as the release of neurotransmitters in response to conductive activity?

A

secretion

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28
Q

what is the definition of extreme longevity?

A

cell can live throughout person’s life

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29
Q

what is the definition of amitotic?

A

mitotic activity is lost and there is no more dividing

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30
Q

during what characteristic does voltage gated channels along the membrane open sequentially?

A

conductivity

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31
Q

during what characteristic does stimulus cause change in cell’s membrane potential?

A

excitability

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32
Q

during what characteristic do messengers release from vesicles to influence target cells?

A

secretion

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33
Q

what is a bundle of parallel axons in the PNS?

A

nerve

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34
Q

what are blood vessels that branch through epineurium and perineurium to become capillaries

A

vascularized nerves

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35
Q

what type of nerve allows exchange between axons and blood?

A

vascularized nerves

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36
Q

what is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS?

A

ganglion

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37
Q

what is a part of the nerve that is a thick layer of dense irregular CT that encloses the entire cell?

A

Epineurium

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38
Q

what is a part of the nerve that is a payer of dense irregular CT that wraps fascicles?

A

perineurium

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39
Q

what part of the nerve is a delicate layer of areolar CT that separates and electrically insulates each axon and also wraps an individual axon?

A

endoneurium

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40
Q

what are the four structures in a typical neuron?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, and cytoskeleton

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41
Q

what are the short, unmyelinated processes that receive input that transfer to the cell body in a neuron called?

A

dendrites

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42
Q

what part of a typical neuron contains nucleus, receives graded potentials from dendrites and conducts the axon?

A

cell body (soma)

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43
Q

what part of the typical neuron conducts APs, and release NT at the synapse?

A

axon

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44
Q

what is the ends of the axon?

A

axon terminals

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45
Q

what are the tips of the axon following the axon terminals?

A

synaptic knobs/boutons

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46
Q

what is housed in the synaptic knobs/boutons and contains NTs?

A

synaptic vesicles

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47
Q

what is a part of the typical neuron that contains microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?

A

cytoskeleton

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48
Q

are most synapses chemical or electrical?

A

chemical

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49
Q

T o F; presynaptic neuron’s axon terminal produces signal, postsynaptic neuron receives signal

A

true

50
Q

what is a part of the synapses that has a small fluid-filled gap between 2 neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

51
Q

T o F; do almost all drugs with an effect on the nervous system affect the synapse?

A

true

52
Q

what cells are non excitable support cells in the CNS and PNS

A

Glial cells (neuroglia)

53
Q

what cell protects and nourish neurons, and provide physical scaffolding/guidance?

A

glial cells

54
Q

what cell is critical for normal function at neural synapses?

A

glial cells

55
Q

what cell is capable of mitosis?

A

glial cells

56
Q

what cell has 1/2 the volume and cell number in the nervous system?

A

glial cell

57
Q

what are the various neuron structures?

A

multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

58
Q

what variation in neuron structure has many dendrites and one axon?

A

multipolar

59
Q

what variation in neuron structure has one dendrite and one axon?

A

bipolar

60
Q

what variation in neuron structure has no dendrites and one axon?

A

unipolar

61
Q

what type of cell are the most abundant glia in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

62
Q

astrocytes help form blood-brain barrier by wrapping feet around brain capillaries with structural support for nearby neurons T o F

A

True

63
Q

do astrocytes regulate tissue fluid composition? T o F

A

True

64
Q

astrocytes assist neuronal development T o F

A

true

65
Q

astrocytes alter synaptic activity T o F

A

True

66
Q

astrocytes occupy the space of dying neurons? T o F

A

True

67
Q

what cells line cavities in the brain and spinal cord and is part of the choroid plexus, which produces CSF?

A

ependymal cells

68
Q

what cells are small, wander the CNS, replicate in infection, phagocytic cells of immune system, engulf agents and remove debris?

A

microglia

69
Q

what cells are large w/slender extensions that wrap around axons of neurons, and form myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes

70
Q

what are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and neurolemmocytes

71
Q

what cell is arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion that electrically insulates and exchanges nutrients and wastes?

A

satellite cells

72
Q

what cells are elongated and flat, unsheathed PNS axons w/myelin and allows faster AP propagation

A

Neurolemmocytes

73
Q

what is the process called that is wrapping the axon w/myelin?

A

myelination; high lipid content, glossy-white appearance, insulates axon

74
Q

In the PNS, what encircles the neuron axon, and wraps in a layer forming the myelin sheath?

A

neurolemmocyte

75
Q

what is formed when neurolemmocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to periphery?

A

neurilemma

76
Q

does the PNS or CNS myelinate only 1mm of axon, where several are needed for one axon.

A

PNS

77
Q

does the PNS or CNS myelinate 1 mm of multiple axons at multiple spots?

A

CNS

78
Q

what is the difference between the myelination of the CNS compared to the PNS?

A

no neurilemma

79
Q

how does multiple sclerosis affect your CNS?

A

attacks oligodendrocytes with immune cells

80
Q

what happens to the signal of a neuron if infected by sclerosis?

A

causes demyelination of CNS neurons, and permanent function of the myelin sheath is altered chopping up signals from neuron to neuron

81
Q

_____ axons do not spontaneously regenerate in humans/mammals

A

CNS

82
Q

____ axons can spontaneously regenerate in humans/mammals if neuron cell body intact and neurilemma remains.

A

PNS

83
Q

how much of the body is affected by a C4 injury to the cervical vertebrae?

A

from the neck down

84
Q

how much of the body is affected by a C6 injury to the cervical vertebrae?

A

from the shoulders down

85
Q

how much of the body is affected by a T6 injury to the thoracic vertebrae?

A

from the waist down

86
Q

how much of the body is affected by a L3 injury to the lumbar vertebrae?

A

hips down

87
Q

what segment is the binding of neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neurons; production of graded potentials

A

receptive segment

88
Q

what segment is the summation of graded potentials; initiation of action potential?

A

initial segment

89
Q

what segment is the propagation of action potential?

A

conductive segment

90
Q

what segment is the action potential that causes release of neurotransmitters

A

transmissive segment

91
Q

what are the small, short lived changes in RMP

A

graded potentials

92
Q

what potential is established in the receptive segment by opening of chemically gated ion channels?

A

graded potentials

93
Q

what potential causes depolarization or hyperpolarization?

A

graded potential

94
Q

what is the postsynaptic potential resulting in depolarization?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

95
Q

what is the postsynaptic potential resulting in hyperpolarization?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

96
Q

what is generated by the binding of many neurotransmitter molecules simultaneously?

A

numerous postsynaptic potentials

97
Q

____ of EPSPs and IPSPs occurs at axon hillock

A

summation

98
Q

during summation the voltage changes from the ___ and ____ are added

A

dendrites and soma

99
Q

the sum may or may not reach _____ ______ _______ for initiating an action potential

A

threshold membrane potential

100
Q

what type of summation has multiple locations on cell’s receptive regions and receive neurotransmitters simultaneously and generate postsynaptic potentials?

A

spatial summation

101
Q

what type of summation is when a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter and produces multiple EPSPs with a very short period of time?

A

temporal summation

102
Q

what law is similar to that of a gun? With sufficient pressure on trigger, gun fire, With insufficient pressure on trigger, not fired, Firing is the same even if trigger squeezed very hard. what segment does this occur in?

A

all-or-none law; initial segment

103
Q

what segment involves action potential which is where depolarization and repolarization occurs?

A

conductive segment

104
Q

____ is gain of positive charge as Na+ enters through voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

depolarization

105
Q

_____ is return to negative potential as K+ exits through voltage-gated K+ channels

A

repolarization

106
Q

what is propagation called?

A

a nerve signal or nerve impulse

107
Q

Period of time after start of action potential when it is impossible or difficult to fire another action potential

A

refractory period

108
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • No stimulus can initiate another action potential
  • Na+ channels are open, then inactivated
  • Ensures propagation goes toward synaptic knob; doesn’t reverse direction
109
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • Another action potential is possible (Na+ channels have reset) but the minimum stimulus strength is now greater
  • Some K+ channels are still open; cell is slightly hyperpolarized and further from threshold
110
Q

what type of conduction is when an action potential occurs along the entire length of unmyelinated axon?

A

continuous conduction

111
Q

what type of conduction is when the action potential only occurs at the nodes; jumping from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

112
Q

what is the difference between continuous conduction and saltatory conduction?

A

saltatory is much faster and occurs within myelinated axons while continuous occurs along unmyelinated axon

113
Q

T o F the diameter of an axon predicts the speed of conduction in myelination?

A

True

114
Q

what fiber diameter size is some some visceral neurons; some somatic sensory neurons from skin?

A

small diameter

115
Q

what fiber diameter is most somatic sensory neurons; all somatic motor neurons

A

large diameter

116
Q

is glutamate, norepinephrine and dopamine Inhibitory transmitters?

A

false

117
Q

is GABA, serotonin, and dopamine excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

false

118
Q

what kind of neural pool and circuit is when neurons in brain that control walking send commands to several different muscles for proper balance, posture, and motion?

A

diverging

119
Q

what kind of neural pool and circuit is when multiple sensory inputs synapse on neurons in the salivary nucleus. Sights, sounds, and smells of cooking lead to one output: salivation.

A

converging

120
Q

what kind of neural pool and circuit is when Simultaneous along several paths, arrives at postsynaptic cell at various times. Believed to be involved in higher-order thinking

A

parallel after discharge

121
Q

what kind of neural pool and circuit is when Repeated, cyclical activity, E.g., circuits that keep us breathing regularly during sleep?

A

reverberating

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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