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Human Anatomy > Chapter 15: The brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what type of matter is the outer part of the cerebrum? also includes cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses

A

gray matter

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2
Q

what type of matter is deep in the brain and has bundles of myelinated axons called tracts?

A

white matter

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3
Q

where does nervous tissue come from?

A

neurulation

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4
Q

the ____ beneath the process of neurulation induces the neural plate (ectoderm) to form the neural tube, which will develop into the CNS

A

notochord

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5
Q

T o F the folds of the brain allow the brain to fit within the cranial cavity and most gyri and sulci are present at birth?

A

true

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6
Q

what are the three types of meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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7
Q

what is the tough outer layer of the meninges?

A

dura mater

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8
Q

what is the transparent middle layer of the meninges?

A

arachnoid mater

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9
Q

what is the delicate inner layer of the meninges?

A

pia mater

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10
Q

underneath the cranium there are two layer of the dura mater what are those layers?

A

periosteal and meningeal layers

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11
Q

what type of meninge separates the cerebrum and cerebellum?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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12
Q

what type of meninge separates the two hemispheres?

A

falx cerebelli

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13
Q

the umpire gets hit in the head with a flying baseball bat and was rushed to the hospital, he didn’t survive because they were unable to stop the bleeding and remove the blood. What type of hematoma is this?

A

epidural hematoma (above the dura)

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14
Q

what is the difference between an epidural and subdural hematoma? 3 bullets

A
  • the compression of brain tissue. occurs more slowly in subdural hematomas
  • subdural is from fast rotation of the head and rupturing a vein, while epidural is usually a blow to the head
  • subdural is below the dura and epidural is above the dura `
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15
Q

who was the first person to create the first textbooks for surgery?

A

Edwin Smith Papyrus

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16
Q

_____ is reabsorbed by arachnoid granulation into blood of superior sagittal sinus.

A

CSF

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17
Q

what does CSF provide?

A

buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability

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18
Q

brain has only ____ of body weight but receives____ of blood and uses ____ of oxygen and glucose

A

2%, 15% and 20%

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19
Q

what barrier seals capillaries in brain tissue and is a tight junction between endothelial cells?

A

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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20
Q

what barrier seals choroid plexus within brain ventricles and is also a tight junction between ependymal cells?

A

Blood-CSF barrier

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21
Q

what blood supply system is in regions of 3rd and 4th ventricles that lack BBB?

A

Circumventricular organs (CVOs)

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22
Q

what part of the brainstem develops from the myelencephalon and extends from the foramen magnum to the pons?

A

medulla oblongata

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23
Q

what are the important nuclei of the medulla?

A

cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory center

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24
Q

what are the anterior surface bulges of the medulla?

A

pyramids (medial) and olives (lateral)

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25
Q

what are the internal structures of the medulla?

A

corticospinal tracts, inferior olivary nucleus, reticular formation, gracile and cuneate nuclei
tectospinal tract, posterior spinocerebellar tract, fourth ventricle, and cranial nerves VIII, IX,X,XI

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26
Q

what part of the brain stem develops from the metencephalon?

A

the pons

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27
Q

what is the anterior aspect of the pons?

A

large bulge

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28
Q

what is the posterior aspect of the pons?

A

peduncles that attach to cerebellum

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29
Q

what are the types of tracts and nerves that the pons internally contains?

A

medial lemniscus, tectospinal tract, anterolateral system, anterior spinocerebellar tract, and cranial nerves V-VII

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30
Q

What part of the brain stem develops from the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain

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31
Q

what part of the brain stem does the cerebral aqueduct pass through?

A

the midbrain

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32
Q

what are the tectum (posterior aspect)

A

tegmentum with red nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral crura anchor cerebrum to brainstem, and gives rise to cranial nerves III and IV

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33
Q

what is the web of gray matter that runs through all levels of the brainstem?

A

the reticular formation

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34
Q

what are the functions of the reticular formation?

A

somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, and habituation

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35
Q

what is the middle section of the cerebellum connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

vermis

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36
Q

what are the 2 functions of the medulla oblongata?

A

1) centers for circulatory and respiratory control
2) sensory and motor functions for head and neck

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37
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pons?

A

1) facial sensation and expression
2) control of chewing, respiratory and sleep

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38
Q

what are the 4 functions of the midbrain

A

1) use of red nucleus and substantia nigra for motor control
2) central gray for pain awareness
3) superior colliculus for visual attention
4) inferior colliculus for auditory attention

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39
Q

what are the functions of the reticular formation?

A

sleep and consciousness and varied sensory, motor and involuntary functions

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40
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

muscular coordination and fine motor control and varied cognitive functions

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41
Q

what is part of the forebrain and has three divisions that surround the third ventricle?

A

The diencephalon

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42
Q

what are the three subdivisions of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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43
Q

what is the oval masses of gray matter on the lateral sides of the third ventricle?

A

the thalamus

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44
Q

the thalamus is composed of ~ a dozen ____ ____.

A

thalamic nuclei

45
Q

the ______ receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction then relays some signals off to part of the cortex and filters others distracting from subject of attention

A

thalamus

46
Q

what part of the diencephalon extends from the optic chiasm to mammillary bodies

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

what part of the diencephalon controls the ANS and endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

hormone secretion, autonomic effect, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, emotional responses and memory

49
Q

what part of the diencephalon includes the pineal gland, habenula, and is a thin roof over the third ventricle?

A

epithalamus

50
Q

where does the cerebrum derive from embryonically of the forebrain?

A

telencephalon

51
Q

what are the two cerebral hemispheres separated and connected by?

A

separated by the longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum

52
Q

what is of large surface area on the cerebrum?

A

gyri and sulci

53
Q

what was the name of the man who survived an accident in where a large iron rod was driven completely through his skull?

A

Phineas Gage

54
Q

what are the lobes of the brain?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

55
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

cognition, speech motor control, concentration, decision making planning and personality

56
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

interpret general senses and taste

57
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

is the principal visual center

58
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing, smell, learning, and memory

59
Q

what are the functions of the insula?

A

taste, visceral sensation, and language

60
Q

what are the three tracts of the cerebral white matter?

A

projection, commissural, and association tracts

61
Q

what tracts of the cerebral white matter travels vertically to carry information. between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?

A

projection tracts

62
Q

what tracts of the cerebral white matter commissures cross between two hemispheres?

A

commissural tracts

63
Q

what tracts of the cerebral white matter connects regions within the same hemisphere?

A

association tracts

64
Q

what is the surface of the hemispheres and makes up 40% of the brain’s’ mass?

A

cerebral cortex

65
Q

what are the cells in the cerebral cortex that are triangle shaped with apex pointing to brain surface and are also output neurons of cerebrum?

A

pyramidal cells

66
Q

what are the prominent parts of the limbic system? there are 3 parts.

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala

67
Q

the prominent parts of the limbic system are important functions for? two functions.

A

emotion and learning

68
Q

the limbic system contains multiple gratification and aversion centers; T o F

A

True

69
Q

what is the nuclei that helps regulate motor input deep in the gray matter of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral nuclei

70
Q

what are the 5 parts of the cerebral nuclei?

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus, pallidus, claustrum, and the amygdala

71
Q

what is the function of the caudate nucleus in the cerebral nuclei?

A

pattern and rhythm of walking

72
Q

what is the function of the putamen nucleus in the cerebral nuclei?

A

helps control movement at subconscious level

73
Q

what is the function of the globus pallidus nucleus in the cerebral nuclei?

A

influences thalamus to adjust muscle tone

74
Q

what is the function of the claustrum nucleus in the cerebral nuclei?

A

extensive connections to cerebral areas suggests involvement in consciousness.

75
Q

what are the two types of integrative brain functions?

A

primary cortex and association cortex

76
Q

what are the two parts of the primary cortex?

A

primary sensory cortex and primary motor cortex

77
Q

Is the primary sensory cortex the first cortical region to receive input for that sense? T o F

A

True

78
Q

what part in the primary cortex issues projection fibers to distribute motor commands?

A

primary motor cortex

79
Q

an association cortex any area that is not primary? T o F

A

true

80
Q

what is the function of an association cortex?

A

integration. and interpretation of sensations, thought, memory and motor planning.

81
Q

your prefrontal cortex is still developing in adolescence? T o F

A

True

82
Q

what is the area called of the brain that is sections of the cerebral cortex that are connected to the function of a primary part of the cerebral cortex.

A

association areas

83
Q

what type of sensory information does the primary somatosensory cortex receive?

A

somatic sensory information such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

84
Q

in the primary somatosensory cortex what is the map of input sending from areas of the body?

A

sensory homunculus

85
Q

what is the controlled body regions map?

A

motor homunculus

86
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control?

A

skeletal muscle activity on opposite sides of the body

87
Q

what is the region of the brain where written and spoken language language is interpreted?

A

wernicke area

88
Q

what is the region of the brain where speech is interpreted?

A

broca’s area

89
Q

what part of the brain outputs emotion to the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex?

A

amygdala

90
Q

where is cognition mainly used in the cortex’s?

A

association areas of cortex

91
Q

what are the two types of memory?

A

procedural and declarative

92
Q

what areas of the limbic system are involved with memory?

A

amygdala (emotional memory) and hippocampus (long term memory)

93
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

I Olfactory.
II Optic.
III Oculomotor.
IV Trochlear.
V Trigeminal.
VI Abducens.
VII Facial.
VIII Vestibulocochlear.
IX Glossopharyngeal.
X Vagus.
XI Accessory.
XII Hypoglossal.

94
Q

what is the function of the Olfactory nerve (I) ?

A

sensory nerve for smell

95
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve (II)?

A

sensory nerve for vision

96
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III) ?

A

motor nerve for eye movement

97
Q

what is the function of the Trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

motor nerve for eye movement

98
Q

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V) ?

A

mixed nerve for sensation of the face and control of chewing movements

99
Q

what is the function of the abducens nerve (VI) ?

A

motor nerve for eye movement

100
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

mixed nerve for sensation of taste and control of expressions, facial secretions.

101
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) ?

A

sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium

102
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?

A

Mixed nerve with diverse sensory and motor functions for head, neck, and thorax

103
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve (X)?

A

mixed nerves for taste, gastrointestinal sensations, and control of various organs

104
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve (XI) ?

A

motor nerve for swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements

105
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII) ?

A

motor nerve controlling movements of the tongue

106
Q

what do use and sharks have in common?

A

all of our nerves are present and they exit the brain in the same order as humans.

107
Q

what is the name of the disease with symptoms of recent event memory loss, reduced attention span. Atrophy (shrunken) of gyri of cerebral cortex and hippocampus

A

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

108
Q

what is the name of the neurodegenerative disease where their is loss in motor function and degeneration of dopamine-releasing cells from substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease (PD)

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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