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Paramedic Chapter Notes > Chapter 17 - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

A term describing the shape of the QRS complex in aberrantly (abnormally) conducted beats.

A

aberration

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2
Q

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period.

A

absolute refractory period

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3
Q

A series of cardiac conditions caused by an abrupt reduction in coronary artery blood flow.

A

ACS

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4
Q

The sudden pain that occurs when the oxygen supply to the myocardium is insufficient to meet demand, causing ischemic changes in the tissue.

A

angina pectoris

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5
Q

A pathologic condition in which the thickening and stiffening of the arterial walls makes the arteries less elastic.

A

arteriosclerosis

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6
Q

A mass of fatty tissue that gradually calcifies, hardening into an atheromatous plaque that infiltrates the arterial wall, diminishing its elasticity.

A

atheroma

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7
Q

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

A

atherosclerosis

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8
Q

The combination of a narrowed pulse pressure, muffled heart tones, and jugular venous distention associated with cardiac tamponade; usually caused by penetrating chest trauma.

A

Beck triad

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9
Q

Blockage of any two fascicles or conduction pathways: a right bundle branch block (RBBB) with anterior hemiblock, RBBB with posterior hemiblock, or anterior hemiblock and posterior hemiblock (a combination known as LBBB).

A

bifascicular block

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10
Q

The portion of the heart’s conduction system located in the upper portion of the interventricular septum that conducts electrical impulses from the atrioventricular junction to the right and left bundle branches; also called the AV bundle.

A

bundle of His

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11
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery; branches of the Cx supply the left atrium, part of the lateral surface of the left ventricle, the inferior surface of the left ventricle in about 15% of people, the posterior surface of the left ventricle in 15%, the sinoatrial node in about 40%, and the atrioventricular bundle in 10% to 15%.

A

circumflex artery

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12
Q

Pathologic process characterized by progressive atherosclerotic narrowing and eventual obstruction of the coronary arteries.

A

coronary artery disease

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13
Q

The slurring of the upstroke of the first part of the QRS complex that occurs in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

A

delta wave

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14
Q

A drug that competitively binds with the acetylcholine receptor sites but is not affected as quickly by acetylcholinesterase; an example is succinylcholine chloride.

A

depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

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15
Q

An impulse or rhythm that originates from a site other than the SA node.

A

ectopic

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16
Q

Inflammation of the endocardium as a result of infection.

A

endocarditis

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17
Q

Failure of the anterior or posterior fascicles of the heart to conduct electrical impulses because of disease or ischemia.

A

fascicular block

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18
Q

A condition that may complicate any form of hypertension, and which is usually signaled by a sudden, marked rise in blood pressure to levels exceeding 200/130 mm Hg; also known as acute hypertensive crisis.

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

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19
Q

A condition in which the heart muscle wall is unusually thick, requiring the heart to pump harder to eject blood from the left ventricle.

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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20
Q

Related to only the ventricles; produced by the ventricles.

A

idioventricular

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21
Q

The three atrial pathways of electrical conduction that transmit impulses from the SA node to the AV node.

A

internodal pathways

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22
Q

Tissue anoxia caused by diminished blood flow, usually as a result of narrowing or occlusion of an artery.

A

ischemia

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23
Q

A dysrhythmia arising from the atrioventricular junction with an intrinsic rate of 40 to 60 beats/min; also called junctional rhythm.

A

junctional escape rhythm

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24
Q

One of the two branches of the left main coronary artery ; branches of the LAD supply the left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle.

A

left anterior descending artery

25
Q

Dilation of the left atrium that can occur in patients with valvular heart disease (particularly mitral or aortic valve stenosis), hypertensive disease, cardiomyopathy, or coronary artery disease; it can also occur in an athlete.

A

left atrial abnormality

26
Q

A disorder that causes preexcitation of ventricular tissue and is characterized on ECG by a short PR interval and a normal QRS duration.

A

Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome

27
Q

The hollow interior space within an artery or other hollow structure.

A

lumen

28
Q

Having a common shape.

A

monomorphic

29
Q

Arising from or pertaining to many foci or locations.

A

multifocal

30
Q

Inflammation of the myocardium.

A

myocarditis

31
Q

Severe dyspnea experienced when lying down that is relieved by a change in position, such as sitting up or standing.

A

orthopnea

32
Q

A naturally occurring enzyme that dissolves the fibrin fibers in blood clots; usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen.

A

plasmin

33
Q

The palpable beat of the apex of the heart against the chest wall during ventricular contraction; normally palpated at the fifth left intercostal space along the midclavicular line.

A

point of maximal impulse

34
Q

Early depolarization of ventricular tissue by means of an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles.

A

preexcitation

35
Q

A type of angina that occurs when a person is at rest, when oxygen needs are minimal; also called vasospastic angina.

A

Prinzmetal angina

36
Q

A network of cardiac muscle fibers distributed throughout the inner surfaces of the ventricular walls that conducts the excitation impulse from the bundle branches to the ventricular myocardium.

A

Purkinje fibers

37
Q

A single vector that represents the mean (or average) of all vectors created by the ventricles during depolarization.

A

QRS Axis

38
Q

Deflection of the ECG produced by ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS Complex

39
Q

Mirror-image J-point, ST-segment, and T-wave changes seen on the ECG during an ACS.

A

reciprocal changes

40
Q

Spread of an impulse through tissue already stimulated by that same impulse.

A

reentry

41
Q

The portion of the cardiac action potential that extends from the middle of phase 3 to the beginning of phase 4; during this time, the heart muscle has been partially repolarized and may depolarize in response to an electrical stimulus.

A

relative refractory period

42
Q

An inflammatory disease caused by streptococcal bacteria; the disease can cause mitral or aortic valve stenosis.

A

rheumatic fever

43
Q

Dilation of the right atrium that occurs when returning venous pressure is elevated or pulmonary pressure is high.

A

right atrial abnormality

44
Q

Artery that provides oxygenated blood to the walls of the right atrium and ventricle, a portion of the inferior part of the left ventricle, and portions of the conduction system.

A

right coronary artery

45
Q

A condition in which the right side of the heart must work increasingly hard to pump blood into engorged pulmonary vessels; eventually, it is unable to keep up with the increased workload.

A

right ventricular failure

46
Q

The period between the onset of one QRS complex and the onset of the next QRS complex.

A

R-R interval

47
Q

A disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes and characterized by a sore throat, fever, rash, and “strawberry tongue.”

A

scarlet fever

48
Q

A variation of cycling of a sinus rhythm that is often associated with respiratory cycle fluctuations; the rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration.

A

sinus dysrhythmia

49
Q

Angina pectoris characterized by periodic pain with a predictable pattern.

A

stable angina

50
Q

A type of acute myocardial infarction in which the ischemic process affects only the inner layer of muscle.

A

subendocardial myocardial infarction

51
Q

The upright, flat, or inverted wave following the QRS complex of the ECG, representing ventricular repolarization.

A

T Wave

52
Q

A procedure intended to lower body temperature in patients who are in a coma after return of spontaneous circulation; ideally performed in the hospital setting; formerly called therapeutic hypothermia.

A

targeted temperature management

53
Q

A blood clot that initially formed within a blood vessel but is now circulating through the bloodstream.

A

thromboembolism

54
Q

A fixed blood clot that can obstruct passage of blood flow through an artery.

A

thrombus

55
Q

A type of acute myocardial infarction in which the infarct extends through the entire wall of the ventricle.

A

transmural myocardial infarction

56
Q

Blockage or impairment of all three components of the ventricular conduction system, with one working occasionally to provide AV conduction.

A

trifascicular block

57
Q

A dysrhythmia in which every third complex is a premature complex, causing a normal–normal–early beat pattern; can be atrial, junctional, or ventricular.

A

trigeminy

58
Q

A small, flat wave sometimes seen after the T wave and before the next P wave.

A

U wave

59
Q

Arising from a single site.

A

unifocal

Paramedic Chapter Notes (14 decks)

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