Chapter 17 Flashcards
Why did labor shortages in Eastern Europe lead to bondage for peasants?
After the Plague…
Lords still held the majority of the power, about equal to the Kings
Lords tied peasants to the land- called Serfdom
Lords sold the wheat, not the soon-to-be middle class merchants, therefore there was no big uprising
What was the first thing the Eastern Lords did to cope with labor shortages?
Tied the peasants to the lands
Serfdom- unpaid often
How was the growth of the Eastern middle class hindered?
Lords sold wheat and other goods to feed the west
How did the Austrian-Habsburgs control Bohemia?
Ferdinand II
-Battle of White Mountain- took Prague, Czech Protestants crushed and wiped out
-Shut down Protestant churches
-Gave Czech land to Catholic nobles (foreigners) who were loyal to the Habsburgs
Ferdinand III
-Permanent standing army
-Wants Hungary
What were the various factors that helped the Hungarians fight the Habsburgs?
Hungary was very unhappy and wanted to remain Protestant
Military alliance with Turkey
Nationalism
Want independence
Never fully accepted the Habsburg/Austrian rule
What was the Pragmatic Sanction?
Habsburg possessions are never to be divided- all under one King or QUEEN
How did Austria’s empire change after the siege on Vienna?
1683 Hungary is taken over Unite the area Siege by Turks -Ferd III pushes them back and takes them over
What was the structure of the Ottoman empire under Sultan Suleiman?
No nobles/lords Sultan owned all land Peasants protected so they ca afford tax Bureaucracy -Tax on all Christian boys- made Muslim, trained, educated, either put as an adviser or in the army (Janissary) Millets
What was a millet?
Ottoman Empire Religious communities -Self-governed by religious leaders -Had their own taxes and regulations -Maintain schools and courts Caused basic religious tolerance
How was Sultan Suleiman of the Ottoman Empire absolute?
Top of state- no one above him
Controls all land
What was the impact of the 30 Years’ War on Brandenburg-Prussia?
Swedes and Habsburgs had a long fight on their soil
-Destroy fields, scare people, destroy towns
The Great Elector moved to unite them
How did the Great Elector gain control of Brandenburg?
The ruler was his cousin and he inherited it when he died
What were the accomplishments of the Great Elector?
Wants to unite Brandenburg, Prussia, and other small areas
Gets Estates of Prussia and Brandenburg to tax people and eventually taxes without consent
Strong army
Junkers join army and swear loyalty for a tax break
What was the focus of Frederick William I?
The Soldiers' King Prussian Absolutism Best army in Europe for size -Tall people -Loved them so much- did not go to war - Called "Sparta of the North" Everything was extremely militaristic Junkers- officers- service nobility Peasants- serfs- harsh Strong central bureaucracy
How did the Russian princes oust the Mongols?
Indirect rule of the princes while the Mongols were out expanding. Gain power little by little. Ivan is the FIRST.
Who are Boyars?
Nobility in Russia- Service nobility for privilege
Who was Ivan IV (the Terrible)?
Cause of the Cossacks Control -Urban towns -Taxes -Merchants are agents of the tsar -Royal Monopolization- big companies under tsar control Main- -Wife Anastasia dies and he blames the boyars -slaughter families and peasants -take away land and give to lower nobles
Why did Peter fight the Great Northern War?
Trying to expand
Stop the Swedish expansion
What was the focus of Peter’s reign?
Side projects Military power -Tour Europe for new technologies Great Northern War -Stop Sweden -Self-expansion MAIN Create Mighty Russia -All healthy men in the military -Navy -Military school and technology - Serfdom in factories and mines
Who are the Cossacks?
Russia
Fled peasants during the rein of Ivan the Terrible
Fear taxes/serfdom/death
Associated with many revolts
Who was Stenka Razin?
Folk Hero
Cossack
Leader of most successful/biggest revolt
Anti-absolutism
What are Baroque palaces?
Symbolize the age of absolute power Overawe people with monarch's strength and palace beauty Modeled after Versailles and Louis XIV Attention to detail and space Emotional art
Describe St. Petersburg.
Russia Peter the Great Found by Peter -Swampy and damp Modern -Avenues, shop displays, street lights, parks, drainage canals, bridges, uniform lines of house, overall baroque Tax on peasants to build- people house them Wealthy nobles -Required to build/move there -Pay for avenues, parks, canals, etc. Made it his capital city
What was the Time of Troubles?
Tsar Ivan the Terrible dies- power struggle/confused
Cossack rebellion
-Nobles put down and elect Michael Romonov
Split of the Russian Orthodox church
-New Patriarch- Nikon- Like the Greek way of 3 Hallelujahs
-Split- New Believers vs Old Believers
-Old Believers persecuted
Cossacks revolt again
Peter comes in and fixes things
-no rebelling
-church stable
What are the 3 qualities of the Absolute king in the east?
- Permanent standing army
- Permanent tax without consent
- Relations with other states
Who are the Habsburgs?
Ferdinands
Austria
Hungary
Bohemia
Who are the Hohenzollerns?
Fredericks
Prussia
Who rules in Russia?
Ivans
Romonovs
Peter
What is Narva?
Battle between Russia and Sweden that started the Great Northern War
- Snowstorm
- Russia is badly beaten
Who is Frederick I?
The Ostentatious
Wanted to be like Louis XIV
First King of Prussia
What is the Mongol Yoke?
Mongolia’s conquest of Russia
Slavic (Moscovite) Kiev princes control the region
