Chapter 14

Question 1

Why were the church leaders unhappy with the clergy in the 16th century?

Answer 1

Clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism
Clergy were…
Drunk, disorderly, gambling, and not being celibate (prostitution)
Priests were uneducated and little more knowledge then those whom they preached to
Pluralism- having more than one benefice- causes lack of attention and care
Absenteeism- no visiting of offices
Simony- the act of buying and selling church offices
According to Luther- Indulgences

Question 2

What is pluralism?

Answer 2

The act of having more than one benefice

Question 3

What is simony?

Answer 3

The act of buying/selling church offices

Question 4

What are indulgences?

Answer 4

Things that are written out by a church official and sold to be used to pray and confess with. It was said they would guarantee less time in Purgatory and a swift entrance into Heaven

Question 5

What is the Eucharist?

Answer 5

The Lord’s Supper (communion)

Question 6

What is Transubstantiation?

Answer 6

Catholic view

The bread and wine turn into the blood and body of Christ and he is present.

Question 7

What is Consubstantiation?

Answer 7

Lutheran belief

The bread and the wine do not transform, but undergo spiritual changes so that Christ is present

Question 8

What did Zwingli believe about Eucharist?

Answer 8

It is only a memorial

Question 9

What was the focus of the Brethren of the Common Life in the 15th century?

Answer 9

They were based on simplicity and the word of the scriptures. They fed the hungry, clothed the poor, visited the sick, and taught in local schools.

Question 10

How did Martin Luther feel one can get into Heaven?

Answer 10

Enter by faith in God alone

Question 11

How did indulgences get started?

Answer 11

Pope Leo X was in desperate need of money. He asked Archbishop Albert for help. Albert went to the Fugger (banking family for money). Pope allowed the sale of indulgences in order to pay it off.

Question 12

Why did Luther write the 95 theses?

Answer 12

NO indulgences- the have no scriptural evidence

Question 13

What did Martin Luther believe in?

Answer 13

Salvation by faith alone
Religious authority resides in the Bible
3 (mainly 2) sacraments- Baptism, Eucharist, and maybe Penance
Church is the community, not just the Pope and clergy
No vocation is higher than another (Women= important too)

Question 14

What was Martin Luther’s view on women?

Answer 14

They had just as important of a job

They should be more educated

Question 15

What was the Diet of Worms?

Answer 15

Charles V called the meeting in Germany. At this meeting they attempted to get Luther to recant his beliefs, but Luther did not care. He was excommunicated, but it did not matter.

Question 16

Why did Charles V try to keep everyone under him Catholic?

Answer 16

Catholic denomination helps to feed nationalism
Lutheranism would give more independence to regions with princes and less power for Charles (not under same religious law and motives).

Question 17

Why did the Swabian peasants revolt?

Answer 17

There was a bad round of harvests that led to Noble taxes. These taxes forced them into more tedious jobs with cut wages. They also had the Common Lands taken away. Initially Luther supported them, but when they got heavily political and violent, he withdrew his support. The Nobles crushed the revolt.

Question 18

What were the Twelve Articles?

Answer 18

Swabian peasant revolt

Expressed the grievances of the peasants and used Luther and the Scriptures as proof/support

Question 19

Why did France help the German princes against Charles V?

Answer 19

Even though they were catholic

As long as Germany was divided, France was comparably stronger. They also did not want to be surrounded.

Question 20

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Answer 20

Nobles brought Charles V the Treaty
German princes wanted to choose between being catholic or Lutheran. Choosing Lutheran would give them more individual political power. Charles was sick and dying, so he signed the Treaty.

Question 21

What were John Calvin’s ideas about Christianity?

Answer 21

Calvinism
Very strict
Predestination- you are chosen to go to heaven or hell by god before your life even begins
The Elect- name for predestined people
Genevan Consistory-
Correct sinners, group of nobles, rule Geneva, no dancing, no drinking, no gambling.

Question 22

Who was Michael Servetus?

Answer 22

He attacked the Trinity
Fled the Spanish Inquisition
Came to Geneva- burned at the stake

Question 23

Who was Zwingli?

Answer 23

Introduced Reformation in Switzerland
Used Erasmus New Testament

Similar to Luther-
No indulgences 
Simple lifestyle
2 sacraments
Life based on the Scriptures

Differences-
Criticize institutions of monasticism and celibacy
No Mass
Eucharist- Just a memorial

Question 24

What were the beliefs of the Anabaptist?

Answer 24

Live an extremely simple lifestyle
Based on Scriptures and faith
Baptism in adulthood- children should not have their parents choose for them
Pacifist- nonviolent
Religious tolerance- did not force their religion on people
Women ministers
Separation of church and state

Question 25

Why did Henry VIII want to reform the church in England?

Answer 25

He wanted to have his marriage annulled because his wife would not produce a male heir to the thrown. The Pope refused to divorce them.

Question 26

Why didn’t the Pope grant Henry VIII annulment?

Answer 26

He was busy tending to the needs of Charles V, who was related to his wife and did want to have his family messed with. The Pope also did not want to admit that the previous Pope had been wrong to let Henry marry his dead brother’s wife.

Question 27

Why was it beneficial for Henry VIII to switch religions?

Answer 27

Politically, it put no one else higher than him. Economically, he was able to receive the church’s land and sell it.

Question 28

What was the Act of Supremacy?

Answer 28

Made the English king head of the church in 1534

Question 29

Why did Queen Elizabeth I of England ride the fence of Catholicism and Protestantism?

Answer 29

Smart
Did not want to deal with the religious divisions
Said to practice as pleased in your own home
Doesn’t want to be overthrown- everyone likes her

Question 30

Who is John Knox?

Answer 30

Created the form of Calvinism called Presbyterian Church in Scotland

Question 31

What were the major changes in the Presbyterian church?

Answer 31

Form of Calvinism
Dislike Anglican
Ruled by the elders
Strict

Question 32

What’s the difference between the Catholic Reformation and the Counter Reformation?

Answer 32

Catholic- restructure of the Catholic church to fix the wrongs
Counter- Try to change the Protestants back because they do not want the seperation

Question 33

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

Answer 33

Catholic reform
Italy’s pope calls a meeting with leaders-
-Keep 7 sacraments
-Keep transubstantiation
-WANTED to change Protestants to live in peace together
FAIL
Establish that Scriptures and tradition are the truth
Tridentine Acts
OVERALL- wanted to right the wrongs with the Protestants and reform their own church

Question 34

What were the Tridentine Decrees?

Answer 34

Part of the Council of Trent
No pluralism, sale of indulgences, simony, or absenteeism
Educate the clergy
Instruct lay people

Question 35

What is Tametsi?

Answer 35

A priest must witness a marriage

Question 36

What is Ursaline?

Answer 36

Order of Nuns
Teach women
Good housewife work-
Cook, sow, clean, chores

Question 37

Who was Loyola?

Answer 37

Soldier of Christ

Spanish soldier who hurt his leg and spent his healing time in the Bible

Question 38

Who are the Jesuits?

Answer 38

The Society of Jesus
Male priests
save souls by converting them converting them to Catholic

Question 39

What is the Inquisition?

Answer 39

Counter reform
Arrest, execute, and exile non-Catholics
No tolerance for other denominations

Question 40

What was the Index?

Answer 40

A list of readings forbidden by the Catholic church

Counter reform