Chapter 14 Flashcards
Why were the church leaders unhappy with the clergy in the 16th century?
Clerical immorality, ignorance, and pluralism
Clergy were…
Drunk, disorderly, gambling, and not being celibate (prostitution)
Priests were uneducated and little more knowledge then those whom they preached to
Pluralism- having more than one benefice- causes lack of attention and care
Absenteeism- no visiting of offices
Simony- the act of buying and selling church offices
According to Luther- Indulgences
What is pluralism?
The act of having more than one benefice
What is simony?
The act of buying/selling church offices
What are indulgences?
Things that are written out by a church official and sold to be used to pray and confess with. It was said they would guarantee less time in Purgatory and a swift entrance into Heaven
What is the Eucharist?
The Lord’s Supper (communion)
What is Transubstantiation?
Catholic view
The bread and wine turn into the blood and body of Christ and he is present.
What is Consubstantiation?
Lutheran belief
The bread and the wine do not transform, but undergo spiritual changes so that Christ is present
What did Zwingli believe about Eucharist?
It is only a memorial
What was the focus of the Brethren of the Common Life in the 15th century?
They were based on simplicity and the word of the scriptures. They fed the hungry, clothed the poor, visited the sick, and taught in local schools.
How did Martin Luther feel one can get into Heaven?
Enter by faith in God alone
How did indulgences get started?
Pope Leo X was in desperate need of money. He asked Archbishop Albert for help. Albert went to the Fugger (banking family for money). Pope allowed the sale of indulgences in order to pay it off.
Why did Luther write the 95 theses?
NO indulgences- the have no scriptural evidence
What did Martin Luther believe in?
Salvation by faith alone
Religious authority resides in the Bible
3 (mainly 2) sacraments- Baptism, Eucharist, and maybe Penance
Church is the community, not just the Pope and clergy
No vocation is higher than another (Women= important too)
What was Martin Luther’s view on women?
They had just as important of a job
They should be more educated
What was the Diet of Worms?
Charles V called the meeting in Germany. At this meeting they attempted to get Luther to recant his beliefs, but Luther did not care. He was excommunicated, but it did not matter.
Why did Charles V try to keep everyone under him Catholic?
Catholic denomination helps to feed nationalism
Lutheranism would give more independence to regions with princes and less power for Charles (not under same religious law and motives).
Why did the Swabian peasants revolt?
There was a bad round of harvests that led to Noble taxes. These taxes forced them into more tedious jobs with cut wages. They also had the Common Lands taken away. Initially Luther supported them, but when they got heavily political and violent, he withdrew his support. The Nobles crushed the revolt.
What were the Twelve Articles?
Swabian peasant revolt
Expressed the grievances of the peasants and used Luther and the Scriptures as proof/support
Why did France help the German princes against Charles V?
Even though they were catholic
As long as Germany was divided, France was comparably stronger. They also did not want to be surrounded.
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
Nobles brought Charles V the Treaty
German princes wanted to choose between being catholic or Lutheran. Choosing Lutheran would give them more individual political power. Charles was sick and dying, so he signed the Treaty.
What were John Calvin’s ideas about Christianity?
Calvinism
Very strict
Predestination- you are chosen to go to heaven or hell by god before your life even begins
The Elect- name for predestined people
Genevan Consistory-
Correct sinners, group of nobles, rule Geneva, no dancing, no drinking, no gambling.
Who was Michael Servetus?
He attacked the Trinity
Fled the Spanish Inquisition
Came to Geneva- burned at the stake
Who was Zwingli?
Introduced Reformation in Switzerland
Used Erasmus New Testament
Similar to Luther- No indulgences Simple lifestyle 2 sacraments Life based on the Scriptures
Differences-
Criticize institutions of monasticism and celibacy
No Mass
Eucharist- Just a memorial
What were the beliefs of the Anabaptist?
Live an extremely simple lifestyle
Based on Scriptures and faith
Baptism in adulthood- children should not have their parents choose for them
Pacifist- nonviolent
Religious tolerance- did not force their religion on people
Women ministers
Separation of church and state
Why did Henry VIII want to reform the church in England?
He wanted to have his marriage annulled because his wife would not produce a male heir to the thrown. The Pope refused to divorce them.
Why didn’t the Pope grant Henry VIII annulment?
He was busy tending to the needs of Charles V, who was related to his wife and did want to have his family messed with. The Pope also did not want to admit that the previous Pope had been wrong to let Henry marry his dead brother’s wife.
Why was it beneficial for Henry VIII to switch religions?
Politically, it put no one else higher than him. Economically, he was able to receive the church’s land and sell it.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Made the English king head of the church in 1534
Why did Queen Elizabeth I of England ride the fence of Catholicism and Protestantism?
Smart
Did not want to deal with the religious divisions
Said to practice as pleased in your own home
Doesn’t want to be overthrown- everyone likes her
Who is John Knox?
Created the form of Calvinism called Presbyterian Church in Scotland
What were the major changes in the Presbyterian church?
Form of Calvinism
Dislike Anglican
Ruled by the elders
Strict
What’s the difference between the Catholic Reformation and the Counter Reformation?
Catholic- restructure of the Catholic church to fix the wrongs
Counter- Try to change the Protestants back because they do not want the seperation
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
Catholic reform
Italy’s pope calls a meeting with leaders-
-Keep 7 sacraments
-Keep transubstantiation
-WANTED to change Protestants to live in peace together
FAIL
Establish that Scriptures and tradition are the truth
Tridentine Acts
OVERALL- wanted to right the wrongs with the Protestants and reform their own church
What were the Tridentine Decrees?
Part of the Council of Trent
No pluralism, sale of indulgences, simony, or absenteeism
Educate the clergy
Instruct lay people
What is Tametsi?
A priest must witness a marriage
What is Ursaline?
Order of Nuns
Teach women
Good housewife work-
Cook, sow, clean, chores
Who was Loyola?
Soldier of Christ
Spanish soldier who hurt his leg and spent his healing time in the Bible
Who are the Jesuits?
The Society of Jesus
Male priests
save souls by converting them converting them to Catholic
What is the Inquisition?
Counter reform
Arrest, execute, and exile non-Catholics
No tolerance for other denominations
What was the Index?
A list of readings forbidden by the Catholic church
Counter reform
