Chapter 12 Flashcards
Who was John Wyclif?
-1330-1384
-Said that Papal claims had no foundations in the Scriptures
-Believed in the abolition of: veneration saints, pilgrimages, pluralism, and absenteeism
-People should read the Bible for themselves
-Women can preach
-“Lollards”- mumblers of prayer and psalms
Significance-
-English translations of the Bible were produced in response to his teachings
-1381- peasant revolt used his teachings as justifications
-Example of the decline of the church prestige
Who was Jan Hus?
-Preached in Czech at Prague University
-Hus and the Czech students fought for the “academic freedom” to study Wyclif’s book
-Went into exile and wrote “On the Church”
-Disputed papal authority, denounced abuses, approved utraquism
- Church rests on scripture alone
-July 6th 1415- executed
Significance
-The people, for the first time, defied an ecclesiastical decision publicly due to Jan Hus
What century did fur-collar crimes occur within?
14th century (1300s)
Why did fur-collar crimes occur?
After the Hundred Years’ War, knights and nobles had little to do, many turned crimes as a way of raising money
What were fur-collar crimes?
- Robbing and extorting of the weak, then corrupting the judicial process
- Stole from the rich and poor then got away with it
- Committed by knights and nobles
- Government was too weak to stop it
How do fur-collar crimes get their names?
Named for the fur that only nobles could wear on their collars
How did fur-collar crimes effect the peasants?
Contributed to the frustrations in the peasant revolts
What was the Jacquerie?
A peasant uprising named after a mythical agricultural laborer, Jacques Bonhamme, that started due to French taxation from the Hundred Years’ War along with the aggravations over famine, plague, and fur-collar crimes.
What acts were committed during the Jacquerie?
Peasants killed nobles, burned castles, raped wives and daughters, and killed cattle.
How was the Jaquerie crushed?
King Richard II met with the leaders and used false promises to trick them.
Who was Christine de Pisan?
Member of the French court
Master of Greek, Latin, French, and Italian literature
Books include: “Livre de la Mutacion de Fortune”, “Ditie”, “The City of Ladies”, and “The Book of Three Virtues”
Significance-
Example of vernacular literature
Represents Women
“City of Women”- helped Women understand certain behaviors of society
When was the official start of the Plague/where?
October 1347
Genoese ships brought plague to Mesina then spread
What brought on the Plague?
In 1921 advances were made allowing year-round shipping, but also constant ship-board rats and rat-transmitted diseases
What are the three stages of the Plague?
- Buba (boil) the size of a nut/apple in the armpit, neck, or groin. It is possible to survive in this stage if the Buba is drained.
- Black spots from bleeding underneath the skin
- Violent cough and spitting blood. Death is imminent within 2-3 days
What’s the difference between bubonic and pneumonic plague?
Bubonic- flea vector
Pneumonic- person to person
What were the consequences of the Plague?
Hospitals were established
Population loss eventually lead to increased productivity and higher wages because there were fewer skilled workers
Increased wealth per capida
People had psychological damage (flagellants)
Funeral ceremonies were altered
What were flagellants?
People who whipped and injured themselves as penance for the sins of themselves and society in belief that the Black Death was a punishment on humanity sent from God.
When was the Great Famine?
1315-1322
Where did the Great Famine occur?
Northern Europe
What caused the Great Famine?
“Little Ice Age” ruined the crops
Poor harvests
Price inflation
Supplies were hard to get
What is another name for the Great Famine?
The “Seven Lean Years”- Bible
What were the effects of the Great Famine?
Decreased caloric intake
Increased risk of disease
Workmen had less energy- lower productivity, lower output, and higher prices
Animals died of disease- reduced animal products
People died- population drop (also due to postponed marriages)
Vagabonds- people abandoned their homes
Define the Babylonian Captivity.
The 70 years the ancient Hebrews were held captive in Mesopotamian Babylon and the leadership of the Roman Catholic church was cut off from Rome, leaving it poverty stricken
1309-1377
When did the Babylonian Captivity end?
When Pope Gregory brought the Papal court back to Rome, but unfortunately died shortly after
What were the consequences of the Babylonian Captivity?
Badly damaged papal prestige
Caused the election of new Pope Urban VI and the fled cardinals to elect antipope Clement VII (Great Schism)
What was the Great Schism?
The Powers of Europe aligned themselves with either pope Urban VI or Clement VII
What countries were on what side of the Great Schism?
France-Clement England-Urban Scotland-Clement Aragon-Clement Castile-Clement Portugal-Clement Roman Emperor-Urban Italian City-States- Clement
What were the results of the Great Schism?
Common folk were confused on who to believe in. This weakened the faith of the Christians.
Church leadership was in serious disrepute
There was instability and religious excess
Different ideas about church government involved
Describe the Consiliarists/ The Consiliarist Movement.
Believed that reform could be best achieved through periodic assemblies, or general councils, representing all Christian people
Believed the Pope got his authority from the entire Christian Community, who he existed to promote
Believed in a balanced/constitutional form of church government with papal authority shared with a general council
What did Marsiglio of Padua say?
Church=subordinate to the state
Excommunicated by Pope
What was Joan of Arc’s backround/motives?
Peasant girl born in Champagne, France 1412-1431
Heard the voices of Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret telling her that Charles VII needed to be crowned
What did Joan of Arc do?
France
Believed if she kept the men “clean” they could win the Hundred Years’ War
May 8th 1429- English army was diseased and forced to withdraw from Orleans- Joan was there- Charles VII = King at Reims
1430- Joan was captured and burned for heresy (men clothes)
France won the War
1920- Second Patron Saint of France
Who fought in the Hundred Years’ War?
England and King Edward III
France and King Phillip VI
Where was the Hundred Years’ War mostly fought?
France
Low Countries
Random sieges and cavalry raids
What caused the Hundred Years’ War?
Edward III felt King Phillip VI of France violated the Treaty of Paris and denied him the French crown that was rightfully his
Who was successful in the early stages and why?
England
Longbows, Cannons, capture French King Henry V (1914), and advances on the walls of Paris by 1419
What was the turning point of the Hundred Years’ War?
May 8th 1429- English withdraw from Orleans- Charles VII
Later conquer Normandy and Aquitaine and French Win
What were the consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?
Opportunity to the poor and criminal to enlist and earn wealth
Destroyed many French farmlands and shattered rural economy
English- serious net loss- stimulate parliament
Promote the growth of nationalism
