Chapter 16 Flashcards
What is divine right of Kings?
The belief that the kings rule by the right of God. Defying the King is like defying God.
Sovereignty?
Supreme power
Boundaries
Development of a country
What is totalitarian?
Total control over everything (thoughts, beliefs, ideas). Impossible in the 1600s due to lack of media and technology
What is absolutism?
Divine right of Kings Control competition (nobles) Control finances Permanent standing army -Ensure boundaries Make laws
What was Cardinal Richelieu’s goal?
French
Control the nobility in order to place King Louis XIII under more absolute control
Who was the adviser to Louis XIII?
French
Cardinal Richelieu
Who was the adviser to Henry IV?
French
Sully
Who was the adviser to Louis XIV?
France
Colbert
What were the various ways Cardinal Richelieu achieved his goal?
France
Nobility- level castles, reshuffle the royal council, executions
Edict of Nantes changed-
-Took away political and military from Huguenots
-Put them under French law
Administrative changes-
-Intendants- Middle class bureaucrats, like a governor, perform financial, judicial, and political tax, communicate and carry out orders from local to Paris
-32 generalties
-Overall- limited the nobility and raised the middle class
What was Richelieu’s foreign policy?
France
30 Years’ War
-Want to limit the surrounding Habsburg power
French Academy
-dictionary to nationalize the French language
Expansion
Mercantilism (though this is more Colbert)
What are the traits of French classicism?
In the time of Louis XIV
- Imitate classic antiquity (resemble Italian Renaissance)
- Discipline, balance, and restraint
- Regal
What was Versailles?
France
Louis XIV
Grand building of style and ritual
Town/palace where influential noble families are required to stay for at least part of the year
Louis can spy on them and watch them
Whole palace represents his magnificent power
What were the weaknesses of Louis XIV’s financial system?
Lack of money and taxes
Love for war
Tax farming- charge more than supposed to then pocket the extra money
Keep spending on credit
Hard tax on peasants due to tax exemptions
Versailles is expensive to keep up with
What caused the 1688-1694 economic crisis and starvation in France?
Louis XIV Bad weather causes a ripple effect- -Bad harvest -Inflation -Starvation -Disease -Depopulation -Lack of labor
What were the outcomes of the Peace of Utrecht?
Ends the War of the Spanish Succession Philip V- king of Spain Spain and France may never unite France surrenders land to England -Nova Scotia, New Newfoundland, Hudson Bay area
What was the War of the Spanish Succession?
Previous agreement
-When Spanish King, Charles II, dies he will divide up he land
When he dies
-In his will it says that Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV, will get the entirety of Spain
The Grand Alliance
-England, Dutch, Austria, Prussian
-Didn’t want France to become too powerful
WAR
Explain Mercantilism.
Definition- The theory of economics in which wealth is equal to power rather than land; Collection of government policies for the regulation of economic activities
Key elements
-Exports greater than imports
-self-sufficient
-resources- gold, colonizing, limited
-Tariffs to eliminate competition
-Industry- rise of the Middle class, system of regulation and inspection, privileges of workers, encourage foreign craftsmen to come, canals, roads, and marine trade
Why did the power of Spain decline in the 1600s?
Lack of Middle class
-They had been Protestants, who had been wiped out in the inquisition
-Or they had left to America
Dutch and English trade with Spanish colonies
Slaves sick
Bankruptcy
-Couldn’t compete in the market
-Aristocrats raised rents- peasants leave, hurt agriculture
Sucked into 30 Years’ War
Lack the money/will to reform
Explain the structure of the Dutch Republic.
7 independent provinces "Weak union of strong provinces" States General- federal assembly - foreign affairs - for each province/Estate/regent Stadholder -Head of States General -Keep order, head of defense, ceremonies Decline- -War of Spanish Succession drains them
Why was the Dutch East India Company important to the Dutch?
Joint stock company
Huge profit and wealth
Shipping
Who was Glukel?
1700s
Jewish
Expelled from cities
What was the English parliaments’ reaction to James I?
Scottish- dislike and distrust
Very different from Elizabeth
How did the English Parliament try to curb Charles I?
Charles I had been spending lots of money on ships
Parliament disliked his spending
Won’t give him money to go to war against Scotland
Charles dissolves them
Eventually…
Triennial Act- summon Parliament at least every three years
Petition of Right- limit the King
Who are Puritans?
They were very similar to Calvinists, but the major difference was that they did not have a theocracy
England-
-Want to purify the Anglicans
-Occupy the House of Commons
-Middle class
-Want money to match power
-Civil war ends with Puritan leader Cromwell
Explain the English Civil War.
The Set up-
- The House of Commons was the middle class Puritans who wanted power to match their wealth
- The House of Lords was the Anglican nobility loyal to the King and his power
- Cromwell- Roundhead Puritan
How did Cromwell change things in England?
Attempts a constitution, but fails Commonwealth- military dictatorship -Cromwell- Lord Protector Everything turns Puritan and strict -Close Globe Theater, no Christmas, no parties Irish -anti-catholic killings -development of hatred towards England Navigation Acts- -English goods should be shipped on English ships -Good -Money circulates in England
What year was the Navigation Acts?
1651- England
Did the English like Cromwell?
No
What was the Glorious Revolution?
England Bloodless England doesn't want a Catholic king -Parliament asks James II and family to leave Mary and William come in -Admit Parliament's supremacy Result- sovereignty of Parliament
What was the English Bill of Rights?
Limit- King and royalty
Power- to the Parliament
Laws made by Parliament- No Crown Suspension
Meet every three years
Election and debate without interference of the crown
Judges are independent
No army in peace
Who wrote the Second Treatise of Civil Government?
John Locke
What did the Second Treatise of Civil Government say?
Government protects rights to life, liberty, and property
Government is by the people
Who wrote Leviathan?
Hobbes
What did Hobbes believe in?
People give the ruler the right to practice
No divine right, but still monarch
