Chapter 15 Flashcards
Why was the French budget strained in the first half of the 16th century?
Bad shape from all of the wars they had been involved in
Population loss- Plague
Decline of buying power of money
Buying art
How did the French pay for the Habsburg- Valois Wars?
They had the Concordat of Bologna with the Pope. this allowed the sale of public offices
What was the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre?
France- 1572
Marriage of the Catholic King’s sister to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (Spain and France)
Henry of Guise (Catholic leader) wanted nothing to do with the Huguenots and hired a guy to attack the Huguenot leader, De Coligny
This served as a symbol to Catholics to begin killing of Huguenots and led to the War of Three Henrys
How many Huguenots were killed in the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre?
12,000
What was the Edict of Nantes?
Allowed the Huguenots in France to practice, but only in certain cites. They could not convert people and no religious materials were allowed outside of the towns. They did, however, receive medical and educational treatment equally. It was enacted by Henry IV (Navarre) to end the War of Three Henrys
Why was the Cateau-Cambresis treaty signed?
France
Acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy and end the Habsburg Valois Wars
How were the Catholics and the Protestants organized within the Netherlands?
Northern side was Protestant
South was Catholic
Why were the Netherlands important to control? Who tried to control it during the revolt? Which class especially did not want to be controlled?
The Netherlands were extremely useful for trading and shipping purposes, and therefore wealth
Initially the Catholic were in charge, but the Protestants wanted to break free
Philip II of Spain stepped in because he wanted everyone to be Catholic
Philip sends Alexander Farnese with German mercenaries to siege towns
Philip and the Catholics get the 10 Southern parts
The 7 Northern parts are given to William of Orange, then Elizabeth
What was the beginning of the revolt in the Netherlands?
Protestant frustrations with the high grain prices
Calvinists in towns, Catholics on farms
Protestants begin to destroy Catholic religious symbols
How did the Netherlands revolt end?
“Council of Blood” sent troops to pacify. Ordered by Philip
What was the role of Alexander Farnese in the Netherlands revolt?
Sent to the Provinces of the Protestants with an army of German mercenaries and had sieges on the towns
He receives 10 south provinces for Philip. William of Orange (The Silent) get the 7 North.
What was the Union of Utrecht?
The 7 Northern provinces of the Netherlands declared independence from Spain
Why did Philip II attack England?
Philip felt that in order to beat the Dutch and turn everyone catholic, he had to cut off the English support
Why was Elizabeth nervous about Spain attacking her?
Worried that her people would side with Philip II because she was neither a pure catholic or Protestant
What was the Spanish Armada?
Philip II sent a fleet of 130 ships over to England, but the weather was bad, resources were low, and they were greatly overpowered. Ships went off course to Ireland and failed to even reach England
What did the Peace of Augsburg have to do with the beginning of the 30 Years’ war?
The Peace of Augsburg gave princes the right to choose between Catholic or Lutheran, but Calvinism was spreading fast
What was the purpose of the Protestant Union and the Catholic League?
Military alliances
30 Years’ War
What was the 1st phase of the Thirty Years’ War?
Bohemia-Defenestration of Prague-
Two of King Ferdinand’s officials were thrown out of a window by Protestants (Noble Calvinists) due to Ferdinand closing Protestant churches.
They fought until the Battle of White Mountain where the Catholics won and Protestants were completely wiped out of Bohemia
When was the 30 Years’ War?
1618-1648
What is phase 2 of the 30 Years’ War?
Danish Phase
The Danish were Lutheran
Feared the HRE would want to attack them next
Danish attack HRE first
Ferdinand sends Wallenstein-
-Catholic imperial army that is completely loyal to him
-Scores many victories
-Selfish- keeps much of the lands and the riches to himself
Danish (Denmark) lose
What were the 3rd and 4th phases of the 30 Years’ War?
Sweden- -Scared the HRE will keep going and attack the HRE - Majorly losing French- -Turning point -Convinced to help -Cardinal Richelieu -Money, weapons, and people supplied
Why would the French support the Protestants?
Want to weaken HRE so they are not surrounded
What were the highlights of the Peace of Westphalia?
End Thirty Years’ War
Change Peace of Augsburg to allow Calvinists
Sweden gets Baltic lands
Limits the Habsburg power
Who was Henry the Navigator?
Prince
Start school in Portugal for learning how to sail new kinds of ships and use new technology
What technological improvements helped explorers?
Cannons- more power, but heavy and inaccurate Caravel- -Portuguese 3 mast ship -More cargo hold -More maneuverable -Cannons could be installed -More man power/soldiers Magnetic Compass- determine direction and position at sea Astrolabe- -Altitude of the sun -Plot latitude (North or south of the equator) Improved maps- -Distance -Sea depths -Geography
What were Portugal’s goals in their expansion?
Religious conversions
Spices for money and flavoring food
Other exchange such as silk and dye
What direction did the Portuguese sail in?
The Portuguese typically sailed East, but were blown off course to the West
Why did individuals want to explore?
Mostly for riches and material profit
Government sponsors (quinto)
Educated curiosity
What did Columbus do?
Columbus was in it for the money through a trade route to India. He was sent off course to America, first thinking it was India, but eventually figured it out and wrote about it to Spain
What did Magellan do?
Magellan wanted to find a direct route to the spices
He also wanted to show that you can circumnavigate the globe
What did Cortes do?
Silver
Capture the Aztec empire and found Mexico City
What did Pizarro do?
Silver trade
Conquer Peru and crush the Inka empire
What was the Dutch East India Company?
It was a joint stock company of the Netherlands that dominated shipping and had much money and power
Why were explorers and colonies so important to Spain?
They brought in gold, silver, and new discoveries
What were the economic affects of Spanish gold on Spain?
Prices rise
Philip does not allow industrialization
Help the middle class merchants
Lead to the Price Revolution
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The involvement in America accelerated global contacts
Exchanges
-Flora and fauna
-Animals
-Plants
-Diseases- Europe gets syphilis and America gets small pox
-Tastes for other foods
How was the set up of the Spanish colonies?
Viceroyalties -New Spain -Peru -New Granada -Ecuador Viceroy - Governor for each area -Military and civil authority -Audencia head- 12/15 council/judicial Exist for the wealth and benefit of the home country -Intendends- gave officials military, administrative, and financial authority
What is el quinto?
1/5 of profits go to the Spanish throne
What was the status of women in the 1500s?
Protestant- -Salvation/spiritually equal -Marriage- for kids, avoid sin (satisfy urges), and mutual help and companionship -Divine order makes women subject to men Catholic- -Celibacy is the highest form of life -Wife- obedient, silent, and religious -No involvement in leadership roles -No divorce
Why was the 17th century the “Age of Flesh”?
Prostitution
What were the various views of why there was a witch hunt in the 15 and 1600s?
Witch is -Consults with the devil -Mysteriously injure people and animals -Folk medicine Why? 1. Reformation- Catholics need to crack down on heresy to show faith 2. Socioeconomic instability (war, inflation, famine) 3. Late or no marriage 4. Misogyny (dislike/hate of women)
Why did Europeans begin to get slaves from Africa?
Flow of white slaves from the Black Sea cut off by Ottoman Crusades, and Africa was the next big thing
Why were the slaves needed in America?
Sugar
How did the modern idea of racism get started?
Arab ideas Myths Christianity- nothing against slaves and black is associated with evil Differing religion Create inferior views
Who was Montaigne?
Writer
Skeptic Humanist
Created essays
Said that people of other beliefs are just different, and that’s okay
Why were Shakespeare’s plays important in England?
Showed English history
Why was King James version of The Bible important to the Anglican and Puritans in England?
Could be read in English
What was the purpose of the Baroque style?
Emotional, movement, and dramatic.
What is Baroque style art?
Unbalanced and crowded
Captures action
Flowering
Detail
What was Baroque style music?
Middle ages- dark chants
New- harmonies, chorus, hyms, and 8th notes
What was Baroque style architecture?
Flowering with detail
Full
Paintings and artwork
Who is Paul Rubens?
A Baroque painter
Who were Bach and Handel?
Baroque composers
Who were Huguenots?
French Calvinists
Middle class
Nobles who wanted independence
Why did Elizabeth of England get involved with Protestant Netherlands?
- English get wool sales with them
- William of Orange dies
- Catholicism spreads- fears she is next
