Chapter 17 Flashcards
Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to gate open ion channels. contact a specialized olfactory cell. bind to receptors in olfactory cilia. be transported to the olfactory bulbs. respond to applied pressure.
bind to receptors in olfactory cilia.
Which is NOT part of the pathway for the sense of smell? Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cranial nerve pair I Olfactory bulb Frontal sinus
Frontal sinus
Which of the following is involved in the gustatory perception of amino acids? Filiform papillae Basal cells Receptors in the throat Umami receptors
Umami receptors
Gustatory receptors are found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. lingual papillae the skin the cochlea the retina
lingual papillae
Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? vision proprioception hearing equilibrium olfaction
olfaction
How would a molecule that mimics cAMP affect an olfactory receptor?
It would increase sodium permeability.
It would depolarize the olfactory receptor.
It would open chemically-gated sodium channels.
It could trigger an afferent action potential.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Gustatory receptors function most like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. photoreceptors olfactory receptors hair cells vestibular receptors
olfactory receptors
The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of light receptors in the eye. mechanoreceptors in the ear. Meissner corpuscles. lamellated corpuscles. olfactory receptors.
olfactory receptors.
Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves VII, IX, X. IX, XI, XII. VII, VIII, IX. V, VII, IX. IX, X, XI.
VII, IX, X.
Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? salty peppery umami sour sweet
peppery
The sense of taste is also known as ________.
gustation.
Which of the following is found in the optic disc? Choroid Axons of ganglion cells Rods and cones Axons of bipolar neurons
Axons of ganglion cells
The “white” of the eye is part of the __________ tunic.
fibrous
vascular
neural
The “white” of the eye is part of all of these.
fibrous
The gritty deposit that accumulates in the medial canthus is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. lacrimal caruncle Meibomian glands chalazion palpebrae
lacrimal caruncle
Bipolar neurons in the retina __________.
are a class of photoreceptors
send axons into cranial nerve II
synapse with ganglion cells
connect amacrine cells with horizontal cells
synapse with ganglion cells
Lacrimal glands \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. moisten the cornea produce a watery secretion produce lysozyme Lacrimal glands perform all of these functions.
Lacrimal glands perform all of these functions.
All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye, except that it
produces aqueous humor.
is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.
provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye.
consists of the sclera, limbus, and cornea.
contributes substantial focusing power.
produces aqueous humor.
Which of these is the correct pathway for transmission of visual information?
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → horizontal cell
photoreceptor → horizontal cell → ganglion cell
ganglion cell → bipolar cell → photoreceptor
photoreceptor → bipolar cell → ganglion cell
Which of these is not one of the three layers of the eye? neural tunic vascular tunic fibrous tunic scleral tunic
scleral tunic
Which of the following is true of the vascular tunic of the eye?
regulates the amount of light entering the eye
controls the shape of the lens
secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor
provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The neural tunic of the eye is the deepest layer of the eyeball. contains ganglion cells. contains bipolar cells. contains the photoreceptor cells. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by changing shape. moving in and out. dilating and constricting. opening and closing. moving up and down.
changing shape.
The space between the cornea and the iris is the anterior chamber. posterior chamber. aqueous humor. pupil. canal of Schlemm.
anterior chamber.
The shape of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles. cornea. iris. pupillary sphincter muscles. pupillary radial muscles.
ciliary muscles.
The part of the eye that determines eye color is the conjunctiva. iris. canal of Schlemm. cornea. pupil.
iris.
The transparent portion of the fibrous tunic is the conjunctiva. iris. canthus. pupil. cornea.
cornea.
In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the vitreous humor. lens. iris. aqueous humor. cornea.
cornea.
The ciliary muscle contracts to
adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision.
adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous.
adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.
control the amount of light reaching the retina.
control the production of aqueous humor.
adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.
Which of the following is a function of tears? lubricate the eye wash away debris nourish the cornea and conjunctiva provide oxygen All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following description applies to the term myopia? age-related decline in accommodation nearsightedness normal vision farsightedness astigmatism
nearsightedness
A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?
1. vitreous body → retina → choroids → aqueous humor → lens → conjunctiva → cornea 2. conjunctiva → cornea → lens → aqueous humor → vitreous body → retina → choroid 3. conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid 4. cornea → aqueous humor → conjunctiva → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid 5. cornea → aqueous humor → vitreous body → lens → conjunctiva → choroids → retina
- conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina → choroid
The cornea is part of the choroid. fibrous tunic. neural tunic. uvea. iris.
fibrous tunic.
If your vision is 20/15, this means that you can
1. see objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet. 2. see objects at 15 feet that individuals with eye problems see at 20 feet. 3. see 20-point type at 15 feet. 4. see all 15 eye chart letters from 20 feet. 5. see objects that are 20 feet or less away.
- see objects at 20 feet that individuals with normal eyesight can see at 15 feet.
The optic disc is a blind spot because
humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.
the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.
the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.
the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc.
there are no photoreceptors in that area.
there are no photoreceptors in that area.
A(n) ________ is an infection in one of the glands on the eyelids.
sty
All visual pigments contain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ derived from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. rhodopsin; vitamin A retinal; vitamin A rhodopsin; vitamin D retinal; vitamin D
retinal; vitamin A
The region of the retina that contains only tightly packed cones is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. fovea inner compartment inner segment tapetum lucidum
fovea
"An elongated outer segment containing membranous discs that is connected by a thin stalk to the inner segment" best describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a photoreceptor an amacrine cell a horizontal cell a bipolar cell
a photoreceptor
Retinal, a component of all the visual pigments, is made from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. vitamin D vitamin K vitamin E vitamin A
vitamin A
In the light-adapted state,
colors are dull.
we would see better in the dark.
photoreceptors are much more sensitive to stimulation.
photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation.
we can only see color, and not black and white.
photoreceptors are much less sensitive to stimulation.
Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest?
under normal room light
focusing intently on a distant object
in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes
focusing intently on a close object
immediately after going outside in bright sunlight
in a pitch-black room after 30 minutes
There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated yellow, red, blue. red, green, blue. red, green, yellow. red, yellow, blue. red, white, blue.
red, green, blue.
The first step in the process of photoreception is
absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
the bleaching of rods.
the bleaching of cones.
inhibition of the sodium pumps.
release of neurotransmitter.
absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.
When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive green. blue. red. blackness. white.
white.
Which of the following is true about rhodopsin? is bleached during photoreception is the visual pigment in rods called visual purple consists of opsin + retinal All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following statements about the retina is true?
It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light.
Axons carrying its output synapse in the thalamus.
It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light.
Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
A(n) ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.
photon
What would result from inflammation and blockage in the area indicated by the arrow?
Loss of equilibrium
Infection of the cochlea
Fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity
Swelling of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Fluid accumulation in the tympanic cavity
What is the function of the cristae within ampullae?
Generates nerve impulses when the body accelerates
Transmits vibrations from sound waves to the cochlea
Generates nerve impulses when the head rotates
Generates nerve impulses for hearing
Generates nerve impulses when the head rotates
The chain of ossicles begins at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ends at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. tympanic membrane; round window cochlea; round window tympanic membrane; oval window cochlea; oval window
tympanic membrane; oval window
A sudden loud noise will reflexively cause the tensor tympani muscle to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and cause the stapedius muscle to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. relax; relax contract; relax contract; contract relax; contract
contract; contract
Cochlear hair cells are located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. vestibule perilymph acoustic meatus organ of Corti
organ of Corti
The external acoustic meatus ends at the auditory ossicles. the vestibule. the tympanic membrane. the cochlea. the pinna.
the tympanic membrane.
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity. saccule cochlea ampulla utricle and the saccule utricle
utricle and the saccule
A loud noise causes
an alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation.
a large movement of the tympanic membrane.
reflex contractions of middle ear muscles.
a big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The auditory ossicles connect the oval window to the round window. stapedius to the tympanic membrane. tympanic membrane to the round window. tympanic membrane to the oval window. otitis to the media.
tympanic membrane to the oval window.
The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the membranous labyrinth. bony labyrinth. auditory meatus. auricle. auditory tube.
auditory tube.
The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors in the organ of Schlemm. bony labyrinth. inner ear. membranous endolymph. perilymph.
inner ear.
The structure that forms the "roof" of the organ of Corti is the stapedius. tectorial membrane. basilar membrane. endolymph. perilymph.
tectorial membrane.
Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the cochlea. statoconia. saccule and utricle. semicircular canals. organ of Corti.
saccule and utricle.
The region of the ampulla that contains the receptors for rotational (dynamic) equilibrium are called cristae. utricles. fovea. maculae. ampullae.
cristae.
Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals
produces a rushing sound.
signals linear acceleration.
signals body position with respect to gravity.
allows us to hear low tones.
signals rotational movements.
signals rotational movements.
The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the incus. malleus. basilar membrane. auditory tube. stapes.
stapes.
Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers will stimulate receptors in the semicircular canals. basilar membrane. spiral organ. utricle and saccule. bony labyrinth.
utricle and saccule.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stapes?
moves up and down when the stapedius muscle contracts
auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane
bending it produces receptor potential in hair cells
necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
seals the oval window
seals the oval window
Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the round window. oval window. cochlea. auditory ossicles. tympanic membrane.
tympanic membrane.
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia?
move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
seal the oval window
bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium
bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells
