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A&P 507 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of muscle tissue has the greatest effect on the body’s heat production?
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
All of these muscle types have about the same effect on the body’s heat production.

A

skeletal

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2
Q 
Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for
	 contraction.
	 conduction.
	 cushioning.
         secretion.
	 peristalsis.
A

contraction

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3
Q 
Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?
	 guard body entrances and exits
	 produce movement
	 maintain body temperature
	 maintain posture
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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4
Q 
The capillaries that wrap around each muscle fiber are located within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 sarcolemma
	 epimysium
	 perimysium
	 endomysium
A

endomysium

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5
Q 
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 perimysium
	 superficial fascia
	 ligaments
         aponeuroses
A

aponeuroses

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6
Q 
A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 epimysium
	 tendon
	 endomysium
	 perimysium
A

perimysium

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7
Q 
At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a
	 ligament.
	 tenosynovium.
	 sheath.
         tendon.
	 satellite cell.
A

tendon.

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8
Q 
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
	 tendon.
	 fascicle.
	 perimysium.
	 endomysium.
	 epimysium.
A

epimysium.

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9
Q 
The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)
	 fascicle.
	 epimysium.
	 ligament.
	 tendon.
	 myofibril.
A

tendon.

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10
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
storage of calcium
houses the genetic material of the cell
making of ATP - the “power house” of the cell
part of coupling the action potential to contraction

A

storage of calcium

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11
Q

What is the function of the nuclei?
storage of calcium
houses the genetic material of the cell
making of ATP - the “power house” of the cell
part of coupling the action potential to contraction

A

houses the genetic material of the cell

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12
Q

What is the function of T tubules?
storage of calcium
houses the genetic material of the cell
making of ATP - the “power house” of the cell
part of coupling the action potential to contraction

A

part of coupling the action potential to contraction

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?
storage of calcium
houses the genetic material of the cell
making of ATP - the “power house” of the cell
part of coupling the action potential to contraction

A

making of ATP - the “power house” of the cell

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14
Q

Which arrangement of the sarcomere gives rise to the H band?
is the point of connection for adjacent thick filaments
the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
the region of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments
the region of the resting sarcomere that only contains thick filaments

A

the region of the resting sarcomere that only contains thick filaments

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15
Q

Which arrangement of the sarcomere gives rise to the Z line?
is the point of connection for adjacent thick filaments
the region of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments
the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
the region of the resting sarcomere that only contains thick filaments

A

the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres

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16
Q 
The action potential in skeletal muscle fibers is generated by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 sarcoplasm
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum
	 sarcophagus
	 sarcolemma
A

sarcolemma

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17
Q 
Titin is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 thin filament protein
	 tropomyosin-binding protein
	 elastic protein
	 calcium-binding protein
A

elastic protein

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18
Q

Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
muscle contraction.
muscle fatigue.
the striped appearance of skeletal muscle.
muscle relaxation.
the conduction of neural stimulation to the muscle fiber.

A

muscle contraction.

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19
Q 
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called
	 fascicles.
	 sarcomeres.
	 myofibrils.
	 myomeres.
	 myoblasts.
A

myoblasts.

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20
Q 
The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
	 sarcolemma.
	 myofibril.
	 myofilament.
	 sarcomere.
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A

sarcomere.

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21
Q 
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the
	 sarcoplasm.
	 sarcolemma.
	 sarcosome.
	 sarcomere.
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A

sarcolemma.

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22
Q

Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere?
thin filaments are anchored here
protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle
repeating unit of striated myofibrils
largely made of myosin molecules
storage site for calcium ions

A

repeating unit of striated myofibrils

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23
Q 
Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
	 are very small.
	 have many nuclei.
	 have large gaps in the cell membrane.
	 lack a plasma membrane.
	 lack mitochondria.
A

have many nuclei.

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24
Q

Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum?
thin filaments are anchored here
repeating unit of striated myofibrils
largely made of myosin molecules
storage and release site for calcium ions
protein that accounts for elasticity of resting muscle

A

storage and release site for calcium ions

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25
Q

The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of
A bands, H bands, and I bands.
actin, myosin, and sarcomeres.
actin, myosin, and filaments.
filaments, myofibrils, and sarcomeres.
a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae.

A

a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae.

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26
Q 
The region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments is the
	 Z line.
	 H band.
	 A band.
	 M line.
	 I band.
A

I band.

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27
Q

Which statement about the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers is true?

a. Muscle fibers are continuous from tendon to tendon.
b. Cross striations result from the lateral alignment of thick and thin filaments.
c. Each fiber has many nuclei.
d. Tubular extensions of the sarcolemma penetrate the fiber transversely.
e. All of the answers are correct.
A

e. All of the answers are correct.

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28
Q 
When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts,
	 the H bands and I bands get smaller.
	 the width of the A band remains constant.
	 the zones of overlap get larger.
	 the Z lines get closer together.
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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29
Q

Where would calcium ions be predominately found?

A

terminal cisterna

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30
Q 
In a neuromuscular junction, synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron contain which neurotransmitter?
	 dopamine
	 norepinephrine
	 acetylcholine (ACh)
	 serotonin
A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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31
Q 
When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open?
	 voltage-gated calcium channels
	 voltage-gated potassium channels
	 chemically gated calcium channels
	 voltage-gated sodium channels
A

voltage-gated calcium channels

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32
Q

What means of membrane transport is used to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?
a channel
exocytosis
a protein carrier

A

exocytosis

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33
Q

The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor end plate causes which of the following to occur?

a. Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically gated sodium channels to open in the motor end plate.
b. Binding causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open in the motor endplate.
c. Binding causes potassium voltage-gated channels to open in the motor endplate.
d. Binding causes chemically gated potassium channels to open in the motor end plate.
A

a. Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically gated sodium channels to open in the motor end plate.

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34
Q

How is acetylcholine (ACh) removed from the synaptic cleft?
acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme)
diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
a reuptake pump on the axon terminal

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE; an enzyme)

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35
Q

The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell?
T tubule
sarcolemma
cytosol
terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q 
Which component of a thin filament binds to calcium once the calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
	 troponin
	 actin
	 myosin
	 tropomyosin
A

troponin

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37
Q 
During neuromuscular transmission, the axon terminals release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 sodium ions
	 acetylcholinesterase
	 acetylcholine
	 calcium ions
A

acetylcholine

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38
Q 
The muscle action potential penetrates into a fiber along the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum
	 Z discs
	 transverse tubules
	 neuromuscular junction
A

transverse tubules

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39
Q

Cycling of myosin cross-bridges results in ___________.
muscle shortening
ATP hydrolysis
force production
Repeated cycling of cross-bridges causes all of these effects.

A

Repeated cycling of cross-bridges causes all of these effects.

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40
Q 
In response to an action potential along the transverse tubules, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ release(s) calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.
	 thin filaments
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum
	 troponin molecules
	 calcitonin
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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41
Q 
In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
	 potassium ions.
	 hydrogen ions.
	 sodium ions.
	 acetylcholine.
	 calcium ions.
A

calcium ions.

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42
Q 
Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single
	 synaptic cleft.
	 neuromuscular junction.
	 synaptic knob.
	 sarcomere.
	 transverse tubule.
A

neuromuscular junction.

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43
Q 
The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the
	 motor unit.
	 motor end plate.
	 synaptic knob.
	 synaptic cleft.
	 M line.
A

synaptic cleft.

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44
Q 
After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
	 oxygen debt.
	 rigor mortis.
	 tetany.
	 depolarization.
	 treppe.
A

rigor mortis.

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45
Q 
In rigor mortis
	 muscles are inextensible.
	 the myosin heads are attached to actin.
	 cross-bridge cycling is absent.
	 ATP is depleted.
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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46
Q

Which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle?
tropomyosin molecules
the tail portion of the myosin molecule
troponin molecules
actin molecules
the head portion of the myosin molecule

A

the head portion of the myosin molecule

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47
Q

When calcium ion binds to troponin,
myosin shortens.
tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
muscle relaxation occurs.
active sites on the myosin are exposed.
actin heads will bind to myosin.

A

tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.

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48
Q 
The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter
	 acetylcholine.
	 adrenaline.
	 epinephrine.
	 norepinephrine.
	 antidiuretic hormone.
A

acetylcholine.

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49
Q 
When contraction occurs,
	 the I bands get smaller.
	 the width of the A band remains constant.
	 the H bands get smaller.
	 the Z lines move closer together.
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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50
Q

The muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from

a. excessive acetylcholinesterase that destroys the neurotransmitter.
b. the motor neuron action potential being too small to shock the muscle fibers.
c. insufficient acetylcholine release from presynaptic vesicles.
d. loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane.
e. inability of the muscle fiber to produce ATP.
A

d. loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane.

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51
Q 
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters that are released by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ when the action potential arrives.
	 apoptosis
	 sodium
	 hydrolysis
	 endocytosis
	 exocytosis
A

exocytosis

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52
Q

A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is this drug’s effect on skeletal muscle contraction?

a. causes a strong contraction similar to a "charlie horse" cramp
b. increases the muscle's excitability
c. produces a strong, continuous state of contraction
d. reduces the muscle's ability for contraction
e. increases tone in the muscle
A

d. reduces the muscle’s ability for contraction

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53
Q 
What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?
	 calcium ion pump
	 arrival of an action potential
	 ATP
	 troponin
A

arrival of an action potential

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54
Q

The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?
tropomyosin
troponin
actin

A

troponin

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55
Q

A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge?
A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge?
troponin
tropomyosin
actin

56
Q 
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin?
	 binding of calcium
	 binding of ATP
	 binding of troponin
	 hydrolysis of ATP
A

binding of ATP

57
Q

What energizes the power stroke?
calcium
hydrolysis of ATP
binding of ATP

A

hydrolysis of ATP

58
Q 
A single muscle action potential will normally be followed by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 a single pulse of calcium ion release
	 treppe
	 incomplete tetanus
	 two pulses of calcium ion release
A

a single pulse of calcium ion release

59
Q 
A muscle producing its maximum tension is in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 complete tetanus
	 rigor mortis
	 incomplete tetanus
	 treppe
A

complete tetanus

60
Q

To increase muscle tension, the nervous system can __________.
increase the stimulation frequency
recruit larger motor units
increase the number of active motor units
All of these can increase muscle tension.

A

All of these can increase muscle tension.

61
Q 
In which of the following would the motor units have the fewest muscle fibers?
	 thigh muscles
	 calf muscles
	 muscles that control the eyes
	 postural muscles of the back
	 muscles of the neck
A

muscles that control the eyes

62
Q 
The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called
	 isometric.
	 concentric.
	 treppe.
	 isotonic.
	 tetany.
A

isometric.

63
Q

In an isotonic contraction,
muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.
postural muscles stabilize the vertebrae.
tension rises and falls but the muscle length is constant.
many twitches always fuse into one.
the peak tension is less than the load.

A

muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.

64
Q

What is the type of chemical reaction used to rebuild ADP into ATP?
rehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis

A

dehydration synthesis

65
Q

Which of the following processes produces molecules of ATP and has two pyruvic acid molecules as end products?
glycolysis
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
hydrolysis of creatine phosphate

A

glycolysis

66
Q

Which of the following processes produces 36 ATP?
hydrolysis of creatine phosphate
glycolysis
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

67
Q

The “rest and recovery” period, where the muscle restores depleted reserves, includes all of the following processes EXCEPT __________.
Oxygen rebinds to myoglobin.
Pyruvic acid is converted back to lactic acid.
ATP is used to rephosphorylate creatine into creatine phosphate.
Glycogen is synthesized from glucose molecules.

A

Pyruvic acid is converted back to lactic acid.

68
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a large quantity of glycogen and mainly uses glycolysis to synthesize ATP?
red slow twitch fibers
white fast twitch fibers

A

white fast twitch fibers

69
Q 
Muscle fatigue occurs due to a buildup of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in pH.
	 creatine phosphate; decrease
	 creatine phosphate; increase
	 lactic acid; decrease
	 lactic acid; increase
A

lactic acid; decrease

70
Q

During the Cori cycle, in the liver
lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid.
glucose is produced from lactic acid.
lactic acid is shuffled to muscle cells.
glucose is released from glycogen.
lactic acid is produced from glucose.

A

glucose is produced from lactic acid.

71
Q

During the recovery period the body’s need for oxygen is increased because
the muscles are not producing ATP.
additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise.
the liver requires more oxygen to produce lactic acid.
the individual is panting.
muscle cells are producing energy anaerobically.

A

additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves consumed during exercise.

72
Q 
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
	 hydrolysis of creatine phosphate.
	 the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
	 aerobic metabolism of fatty acids.
	 anaerobic respiration.
	 glycogenolysis.
A

aerobic metabolism of fatty acids.

73
Q

Creatine phosphate
cannot transfer its phosphate group to ADP.
acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.
can replace ATP in binding to myosin molecules during contraction.
is produced by the process of anaerobic respiration.
is only formed during strenuous exercise.

A

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.

74
Q 
During anaerobic glycolysis
	 pyruvic acid is produced.
	 ATP is produced.
	 carbohydrate is metabolized.
	 oxygen is not consumed.
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

75
Q 
Aerobic metabolism normally provides \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent of the ATP demands of a resting muscle cell.
	 70
	 100
	 50
	 25
	 95
76
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ type of muscle fiber has relatively few mitochondria.
	 intermediate
	 slow
	 fast
	 cardiac
77
Q 
Which of these is not a property of slow muscle fibers?
	 They are rich in myoglobin.
	 They resist fatigue.
	 They contract slowly.
	 They are large in diameter.
A

They are large in diameter.

78
Q 
The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fiber.
	 anaerobic
	 fast
	 high-density
	 intermediate
	 slow
79
Q

During activities requiring aerobic endurance
glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy.
fatigue occurs in a few minutes.
most of the muscle’s energy is produced in mitochondria.
oxygen debts are common.
oxygen is not required.

A

most of the muscle’s energy is produced in mitochondria.

80
Q

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding human muscles?
Slow fibers are abundant in the back muscles.
Most have both slow and fast fibers.
Eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers.
Slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles.
All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

81
Q

When comparing slow muscle fibers to fast muscle fibers, slow fibers
take about three times as long to reach peak tension.
have much smaller fiber diameters.
generate much less tension.
are rich in the red protein myoglobin.
All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

82
Q 
Large-diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria are characteristics of
	 fast fibers.
	 slow fibers.
	 intermediate fibers.
	 fatty muscles.
	 red muscles.
A

fast fibers.

83
Q

Which of these is true of cardiac muscle fibers?
Cardiac fibers branch.
Cardiac fibers have a single nucleus.
Cardiac fibers have a long twitch duration compared to skeletal fibers.
All of these are true of cardiac fibers.

A

All of these are true of cardiac fibers.

84
Q 
All of the following are found in both skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 mitochondria
	 striations
	 intercalated disks
	 sarcomeres
A

intercalated disks

85
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
Cardiac muscle stimulation is neural.
Skeletal muscle stimulation is neural.
Cardiac muscle contractions cannot be summated.
Skeletal muscle contractions may be summated.
Cardiocytes are interconnected through intercalated discs.

A

Cardiac muscle stimulation is neural.

86
Q 
Resting smooth muscle can be stretched without developing much tension because of its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 elasticity
	 extensibility
	 contractility
	 plasticity
A

plasticity

87
Q

Which arrangement of the sarcomere gives rise to the M line?
the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
the region of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments
the region of the resting sarcomere that only contains thick filaments
is the point of connection for adjacent thick filaments

A

is the point of connection for adjacent thick filaments

88
Q

Which arrangement of the sarcomere gives rise to the I band?
the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
the region of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments
the region of the resting sarcomere that only contains thick filaments
is the point of connection for adjacent thick filaments

A

the region of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments

89
Q 
Which thick filament binds to actin once its active binding sites are exposed?
	 myosin
	 tropomyosin
	 actin
	 troponin
90
Q

Action potential propagation in a skeletal muscle fiber ceases when acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft. Which of the following mechanisms ensures a rapid and efficient removal of acetylcholine?

a. Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase.
b. Acetylcholine is transported back into the axon terminal by a reuptake mechanism.
c. Acetylcholine is transported into the postsynaptic neuron by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
d. Acetylcholine diffuses away from the cleft.
A

a. Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase.

91
Q

The neuromuscular junction is a well-studied example of a chemical synapse. Which of the following statements describes a critical event that occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

a. Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron.
b. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the junctional folds of the sarcolemma. Its receptor is linked to a G protein.
c. Acetylcholine is released and moves across the synaptic cleft bound to a transport protein.
d. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminal, voltage-gated sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse into the terminal.
A

a. Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron.

92
Q

Action potentials travel the length of the axons of motor neurons to the axon terminals. These motor neurons __________.

a. extend from the brain to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber
b. arise in the epimysium of a skeletal muscle and extend to individual skeletal muscle fibers
c. extend from the brain or spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber
d. extend from the spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber
A

c. extend from the brain or spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber

93
Q

Calcium entry into the axon terminal triggers which of the following events?

a. Synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal and release acetylcholine.
b. Acetylcholine is released into the cleft by active transporters in the plasma membrane of the axon terminal.
c. Acetylcholine binds to its receptor.
d. Cation channels open and sodium ions enter the axon terminal while potassium ions exit the axon terminal.
A

a. Synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal and release acetylcholine.

94
Q

Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma and triggers __________.
the opening of calcium-release channels
the opening of ligand-gated cation channels
the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels
the opening of ligand-gated anion channels

A

the opening of ligand-gated cation channels

95
Q

Sodium and potassium ions do not diffuse in equal numbers through ligand-gated cation channels. Why?

a. The inside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the outside surface. Sodium ions diffuse inward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients.
b. The outside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the inside surface. Potassium ions diffuse outward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients.
c. The outside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the inside surface. Sodium ions diffuse outward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients.
d. The inside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the outside surface. Potassium ions diffuse inward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients.
A

a. The inside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the outside surface. Sodium ions diffuse inward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients.

96
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?

a. Excitation refers to the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
b. Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.
c. Excitation refers to the shape change that occurs in voltage-sensitive proteins in the sarcolemma.
d. Excitation refers to the propagation of action potentials along the axon of a motor neuron.
A

b. Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.

97
Q

Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?
Voltage-sensitive proteins change shape.
Sodium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.
Action potentials propagate into the interior of the skeletal muscle fiber.
Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.

A

Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.

98
Q

A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?
Potassium leak channels.
A series of proteins that control calcium release.
Voltage-gated sodium channels.
Myosin cross-bridge binding sites.

A

A series of proteins that control calcium release.

99
Q 
What is the name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?
	 terminal cisternae
	 transverse or T tubules
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum
	 motor endplates
A

transverse or T tubules

100
Q 
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?
	 Acetylcholine.
	 Calcium ions.
	 Sodium ions.
	 Action potentials.
A

Calcium ions.

101
Q

What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?

a. A skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by multiple motor neurons.
b. A motor neuron typically innervates only one skeletal muscle fiber.
c. Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.
d. Motor neurons always innervate thousands of skeletal muscle fibers.
A

c. Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.

102
Q 
The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?
	 ATP bound to a myosin head
	 Calcium bound to troponin
	 Troponin bound to tropomyosin
	 A myosin head bound to actin
A

A myosin head bound to actin

103
Q 
What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
	 The junctional folds of the sarcolemma
	 The sarcomere
	 The cross bridge
	 The triad
A

The sarcomere

104
Q 
Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber?
	  in the transverse tubules.
	  in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
	  in the nuclei.
	  in the mitochondria.
A

in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

105
Q

After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment?
ADP and inorganic phosphate are bound to the myosin head.
Calcium ions bind to troponin.
Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the junctional folds of the sarcolemma.
ATP binds to the myosin head.

A

ATP binds to the myosin head.

106
Q

How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation?

1. The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
2. The energy comes from the direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate.
3. The energy comes from the hydrolysis of GTP.
4. The energy comes from oxidative phophorylation.
A
  1. The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP.
107
Q

What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin?

1. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin and change its shape.
2. Calcium release channels open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and calcium levels rise in the sarcoplasm.
3. Sodium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
4. Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
A
  1. Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape.
108
Q

When does cross bridge cycling end?

1. Cross bridge cycling ends when ATP binds to the myosin head.
2. Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.
3. Cross bridge cycling ends when calcium release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.
4. Cross bridge cycling ends when calcium ions are passively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
A
  1. Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin.
109
Q 
The neuromuscular junction is a connection between a neuron and a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 muscle fiber
	 synaptic terminal
	 vesicle
	 myofibril
A

muscle fiber

110
Q 
The end of a neuron, where acetylcholine-filled vesicles are located, is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 synaptic cleft
	 motor end plate
	 acetylcholine receptor
	 synaptic terminal
A

synaptic terminal

111
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?
the region of the neuron containing synaptic vesicles
the border between the motor end plate and the sarcolemma
the space between the synaptic terminal and the motor end plate
the step where acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down, or cleaves, acetylcholine

A

the space between the synaptic terminal and the motor end plate

112
Q 
Inside a neuron, acetylcholine is contained within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 acetylcholine receptors
	 the motor end plate
	 the synaptic cleft
	 vesicles
113
Q

What causes the vesicles inside a neuron to fuse with the plasma membrane?
acetylcholine being broken down by acetylcholinesterase
an action potential in the neuron
an action potential in the muscle fiber
acetylcholine binding to acetylcholine receptors

A

an action potential in the neuron

114
Q 
Acetylcholine receptors are primarily located \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 inside vesicles
	 on the synaptic terminal
	 inside the muscle fiber
	 on the motor end plate
A

on the motor end plate

115
Q

An action potential in the muscle fiber causes __________.
the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft
acetylcholinesterase to break down acetylcholine
the muscle fiber to contract
acetylcholine to bind to receptors on the motor end plate

A

the muscle fiber to contract

116
Q

The role of acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction is to __________.
generate a muscle action potential
remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft
increase the sodium permeability of the motor end plate
release acetylcholine from the synaptic terminal

A

remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

117
Q 
Inside a muscle, bundles of single muscle fibers form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 T tubules
	 sarcomeres
	 fascicles
	 thick filaments
118
Q 
The muscle action potentials that initiate contraction are transmitted from the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle fiber by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 the sarcoplasmic reticulum
	 T tubules
	 myofibrils
	 myofilaments
119
Q 
T tubules and the terminal cisternae are clustered into structures called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 fascicles
	 myofibrils
	 sarcomeres
	 triads
120
Q 
The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 calcium
	 myofilaments
	 troponin
	 T tubules
121
Q 
Which organelle completely surrounds each myofibril inside a muscle fiber?
	 fascicle
	 calcium
	 nucleus
	 sarcoplasmic reticulum
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

122
Q 
To what regulatory protein does calcium bind during the initiation of the contraction cycle in skeletal muscle fibers?
	 troponin
	 myosin
	 tropomyosin
	 actin
123
Q

Which of the following causes the active site on actin to be exposed or uncovered?
calcium entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum
tropomyosin shifting position
troponin releasing calcium
cross-bridge formation

A

tropomyosin shifting position

124
Q

Which of the following most correctly describes excitation in the context of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle?
the formation of cross-bridges
the generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma
the binding of calcium to troponin
the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma

125
Q

Which of the following phrases best describes how excitation is coupled to contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?
through calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
through T tubules
through electrical impulses travelling along the sarcolemma
through cross-bridge formation

A

through calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

126
Q

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic disease in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum leaks calcium when the patient is put under general anesthesia. Which of the following best describes how anesthesia would affect the skeletal muscles of a patient with MH?

1. The muscles would contract because of calcium binding to troponin.
2. The muscles would contract because of increased nerve stimulation.
3. The muscles would relax because of calcium being pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The muscles would contract because of increased action potential generation in the sarcolemma.
A
  1. The muscles would contract because of calcium binding to troponin.
127
Q

Myofibrils are __________.
made of a series of sarcomeres
proteins that cover active sites on actin
bundles of muscle cells inside a whole muscle
connections between actin and myosin

A

made of a series of sarcomeres

128
Q 
Z lines define the edges of which of the following?
	 sarcomeres
	 myofibrils
	 cross-bridges
	 myosin
A

sarcomeres

129
Q 
Myosin molecules form what part of the sarcomere?
	 thin filament
	 actin
	 thick filament
	 tropomyosin
A

thick filament

130
Q 
Which of the following is involved in the power stroke?
	 tropomyosin
	 myosin
	 myofibrils
	 Z lines
131
Q 
Which of the following proteins contains the active site involved in cross-bridge formation?
	 tropomyosin
	 actin
	 myosin
	 troponin
132
Q 
When the sarcomere is at rest, what is covering the active sites on actin?
	 tropomyosin
	 cross-bridges
	 troponin
	 myosin
A

tropomyosin

133
Q 
When calcium is released inside a muscle cell, what does it bind to?
	 actin
	 troponin
	 tropomyosin
	 myosin
134
Q 
Myosin molecules form cross-bridges when they attach to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 troponin
	 calcium
	 actin
	 tropomyosin
135
Q

What happens immediately after the myosin head binds to the active site on actin?
ATP binds to the myosin head.
Tropomyosin moves away from the active site on actin.
The myosin head detaches from the active site on actin.
The myosin head pivots, moving the actin strand.

A

The myosin head pivots, moving the actin strand.

136
Q 
ATP binding leads to which of the following actions?
	 cross-bridge formation
	 pivoting of the myosin head
	 exposure of active sites on actin
	 detaching and resetting cross-bridges
A

detaching and resetting cross-bridges

A&P 507 (12 decks)

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