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A&P 507 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q 
Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron?
	 centrioles
	 dendrites
	 axons
	 cell body
A

centrioles

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2
Q 
The afferent division of the PNS \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 carries motor commands
	 carries sensory information
	 controls skeletal muscle
	 controls smooth muscle
A

carries sensory information

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3
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
control peripheral effectors
coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
integrate sensory information
sense the internal and external environments
direct long-term functions, such as growth

A

direct long-term functions, such as growth

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4
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
	 efferent
	 afferent
	 autonomic
	 central
	 peripheral
A

central

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5
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
	 parasympathetic
	 somatic
	 sympathetic
	 autonomic
	 afferent
A

somatic

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6
Q 
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
	 efferent.
	 afferent.
	 motor.
	 somatic.
	 autonomic.
A

afferent.

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7
Q 
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:
	 heart muscle cells
	 skeletal muscle cells
	 glandular cells
	 smooth muscle cells
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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8
Q 
Which of these is not a neuron structural category?
	 pseudopolar
	 unipolar
	 bipolar
	 multipolar
A

pseudopolar

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9
Q 
Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category?
	 multipolar
	 unipolar
	 bipolar
	 anaxonic
A

multipolar

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10
Q 
The axon hillock connects the axon with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 synapse
	 cell body (soma)
	 telodendria
	 collaterals
A

cell body (soma)

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11
Q 
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?
	 neurotubules
	 mitochondria
	 neurofibrils
	 vesicles
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

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12
Q 
Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?
	 anaxonic
	 bipolar
	 multipolar
	 pseudopolar
	 unipolar
A

pseudopolar

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13
Q 
The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is
	 multipolar.
	 unipolar.
	 bipolar.
	 pseudopolar.
	 anaxonic.
A

multipolar.

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14
Q 
The rabies virus travels to the CNS via
	 subcutaneous connective tissue.
	 cerebrospinal fluid.
	 anterograde axoplasmic transport.
	 blood vessels.
	 retrograde axoplasmic transport.
A

retrograde axoplasmic transport.

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15
Q 
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
	 collateral.
	 synaptic terminals.
	 telodendria.
	 synapse.
	 hillock.
A

synapse.

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16
Q 
Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called
	 bipolar.
	 anaxonic.
	 unipolar.
	 tripolar.
	 multipolar.
A

anaxonic.

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17
Q 
Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called
	 tripolar.
	 bipolar.
	 unipolar.
	 anaxonic.
	 multipolar.
A

unipolar.

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18
Q 
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called
	 bipolar.
	 tripolar.
	 unipolar.
	 anaxonic.
	 multipolar.
A

bipolar.

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19
Q 
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called
	 unipolar.
	 anaxonic.
	 bipolar.
	 multipolar.
	 tripolar.
A

multipolar.

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons are the most common class in the CNS.
	 Unipolar
	 Sensory
	 Bipolar
	 Anaxonic
	 Multipolar
A

Multipolar

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21
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.
	 Visceral sensory
	 Neural sensory
	 Sensory
	 Somatic sensory
	 Motor
A

Sensory

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22
Q 
What is contained inside the synaptic terminals?
	 neuroglia
	 calcium ions
	 neurotransmitter molecules
	 acetylcholinesterase
	 sodium ions
A

neurotransmitter molecules

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23
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.

A

neuron

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24
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system are cells called ________.

A

neurons

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25
Q 
Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia?
	 astrocytes
	 ependymal cells
	 oligodendrocytes
	 satellite cells
A

astrocytes

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26
Q 
Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia?
	 oligodendrocytes
	 astrocytes
	 microglia
	 satellite cells
A

satellite cells

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27
Q 
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
	 astrocytes.
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 satellite cells.
	 ependymal cells.
	 microglia.
A

astrocytes.

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28
Q

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except
maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
responding to neural tissue damage.
forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.
guiding neuron development.
conducting action potentials.

A

conducting action potentials.

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29
Q 
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?
	 satellite cells
	 ependymal cells
	 microglia
	 astrocytes
	 oligodendrocytes
A

satellite cells

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30
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
	 Synapses
	 Axons
	 Neuroglia
	 Efferent fibers
	 Dendrites
A

Neuroglia

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31
Q 
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 microglia.
	 Schwann cells.
	 astrocytes.
	 ependymal cells.
A

astrocytes.

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32
Q

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?
guiding neuron development
repairing damaged neural tissue
adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
maintaining the blood-brain barrier
All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

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33
Q 
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
	 satellite cells.
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 microglia.
	 ependymal cells.
	 astrocytes.
A

oligodendrocytes.

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34
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.
	 Oligodendrocytes
	 Satellite cells
	 Microglia
	 Astrocytes
	 Ependymal cells
A

Ependymal cells

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35
Q 
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
	 astrocytes.
	 ependymal cells.
	 satellite cells.
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 microglia.
A

microglia.

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36
Q 
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 microglia.
	 astrocytes.
	 satellite cells.
	 Schwann cells.
A

Schwann cells.

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37
Q 
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are
	 oligodendrocytes.
	 satellite cells.
	 microglia.
	 ependymal cells.
	 astrocytes.
A

satellite cells.

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38
Q

Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.

A

white

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39
Q 
Ions are unequally distributed across the plasma membrane of all cells. This ion distribution creates an electrical potential difference across the membrane. What is the name given to this potential difference?
	 Action potential
	 Threshold potential
	 Positive membrane potential
	 Resting membrane potential (RMP)
A

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

40
Q 
Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of the presence of what type of channel?
	 Voltage-gated channels
	 Sodium-potassium ATPases
	 Leak channels
	 Ligand-gated channels
A

Leak channels

41
Q

On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you?

1. There is no electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside surfaces of the plasma membrane.
2. The outside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the inside surface.
3. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface.
4. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more positively charged than the inside surface.
A
  1. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface.
42
Q

The plasma membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+. Why?

1. There are many more voltage-gated K+ channels than voltage-gated Na+ channels.
2. The Na+-K+ pumps transport more K+ into cells than Na+ out of cells.
3. There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane.
4. Ligand-gated cation channels favor a greater influx of Na+ than K+.
A
  1. There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane.
43
Q

The resting membrane potential depends on two factors that influence the magnitude and direction of Na+ and K+ diffusion across the plasma membrane. Identify these two factors.

1. The presence of concentration gradients and voltage-gated channels
2. The presence of concentration gradients and Na+-K+ pumps
3. The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels
4. The presence of a resting membrane potential and leak channels
A
  1. The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels
44
Q 
What prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from dissipating?
	 Na+ cotransporter
	 H+-K+ ATPase
	 Na+ and K+ leaks
	 Na+-K+ ATPase
A

Na+-K+ ATPase

45
Q 
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to \_\_\_\_\_ but only slightly permeable to \_\_\_\_\_.
	 K+; Cl–
	 Na+; K+
	 Na+; Cl–
	 K+; Na+
A

K+; Na+

46
Q

During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?
both the electrical and chemical gradients
only the chemical gradient
only the electrical gradient
Na+ does not move into the cell. Na+ moves out of the cell.

A

both the electrical and chemical gradients

47
Q

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?
–90 mV
+30 mV
–70 mV

A

–70 mV

48
Q

The Na+–K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped?
Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.
Both Na+ and K+ are pumped into the cell.
Both Na+ and K+ are pumped out of the cell.
K+ is pumped out of the cell and Na+ is pumped into the cell.

A

Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell.

49
Q

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell.
K+ and Cl–
Na+ and A– (negatively charged proteins)
Na+ and Cl–
K+ and A– (negatively charged proteins)

A

Na+ and Cl–

50
Q

The events that occur at a functioning cholinergic synapse cause _____________ .
strengthening of the synapse
a flow of acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft that is removed only by simple diffusion
synaptic delay
loss of transmission of the action potential

A

synaptic delay

51
Q 
The most abundant intracellular cation is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ while the most abundant extracellular anion is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 potassium; chloride
	 sodium; chloride
	 potassium; protein anions
	 sodium; protein anions
A

potassium; chloride

52
Q 
Which type of ion channel is always open?
	 passive
	 mechanically gated
	 voltage-gated
	 chemically gated
A

passive

53
Q 
The sodium-potassium exchange pump stabilizes resting potential at about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 -70 mV
	 -90 mV
	 -10 mV
	 \+66 mV
A

-70 mV

54
Q

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.
Chemically-gated channels
Activated channels
Leak channels
Voltage-gated and chemically-gated channels
Voltage-gated channels

A

Chemically-gated channels

55
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.
	 Mechanically-gated
	 Voltage-gated
	 Leak
	 Active
	 Chemically-gated
A

Mechanically-gated

56
Q 
Any stimulus that opens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ion channel will produce a graded potential.
	 a voltage-gated
	 a sodium
	 a chemically-gated
	 a mechanically-gated
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

57
Q

Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?

1. through chemically-gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission
2. through passive or leak channels
3. by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump
4. through voltage-gated channels as in the action potential
5. All of the answers are correct.
A
  1. All of the answers are correct.
58
Q 
Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gate.
	 inactivation
	 repolarization
	 threshold
	 ion
	 swinging
A

inactivation

59
Q 
Where do most action potentials originate?
	 Cell body
	 Axon terminal
	 Initial segment
	 Nodes of Ranvier
A

Initial segment

60
Q 
What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus?
	 Ligand-gated Cl- channels
	 Ligand-gated cation channels
	 Voltage-gated K+ channels
	 Voltage-gated Na+ channels
A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

61
Q

What characterizes depolarization, the first phase of the action potential?

1. The membrane potential reaches a threshold value and returns to the resting state.
2. The membrane potential changes to a much more negative value.
3. The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.
4. The membrane potential changes to a less negative (but not a positive) value.
A
  1. The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.
62
Q

What characterizes repolarization, the second phase of the action potential?

a. Before the membrane has a chance to reach a positive voltage, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of approximately -70 mV.
b. Once the membrane depolarizes to a threshold value of approximately -55 mV, it repolarizes to its resting value of -70 mV.
c. As the membrane repolarizes to a negative value, it goes beyond the resting state to a value of -80 mV.
d. Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.
A

d. Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of -70 mV.

63
Q

What event triggers the generation of an action potential?

a. The membrane potential must hyperpolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to the more negative value of -80 mV.
b. The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.
c. The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to its peak value of +30 mV.
d. The membrane potential must return to its resting value of -70 mV from the hyperpolarized value of -80 mV.
A

b. The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV.

64
Q

What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus?

1. Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their inactivation gates close.
2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.
3. Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.
4. Voltage-gated K+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.
A
  1. Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open.
65
Q 
What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated axons?
	 Continuous conduction
	 Saltatory conduction
	 Electrical conduction
	 Synaptic transmission
A

Continuous conduction

66
Q

In a neuron, sodium and potassium concentrations are maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump such that __________.

1. both sodium and potassium concentrations are higher outside the cell compared to inside.
2. the concentration of sodium outside the cell is equal to the concentration of potassium inside the cell.
3. the sodium concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell and the potassium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.
4. the sodium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell and the potassium concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
A
  1. the sodium concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell and the potassium concentration is higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
67
Q

]The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports potassium and sodium ions in which direction(s)?
Sodium ions are transported out of the cell. Potassium ions are transported into the cell.
Sodium and potassium ions are both transported out of the cell.
Sodium and potassium ions are both transported into the cell.
Sodium ions are transported into the cell. Potassium ions are transported out of the cell.

A

Sodium ions are transported out of the cell. Potassium ions are transported into the cell.

68
Q 
Leak channels allow the movement of potassium and sodium ions by what type of membrane transport?
	 facilitated diffusion
	 channel-mediated diffusion
	 simple diffusion
	 active transport
A

channel-mediated diffusion

69
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

1. The myelin sheath increases the insulation along the entire length of the axon.
2. The myelin sheath decreases the resistance of the axonal membrane to the flow of charge.
3. The myelin sheath decreases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.
4. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.
A
  1. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.
70
Q

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest?
Myelinated axons with the smallest diameters
Myelinated axons with the largest diameter
Unmyelinated axons with the largest diameter
Unmyelinated axons of the shortest length

A

Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

71
Q

Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
anywhere on the axon
soma and dendrites
axon hillock

A

axon hillock

72
Q 
The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels?
	 chemically gated Na+ channels
	 voltage-gated Na+ channels
	 voltage-gated K+ channels
	 chemically gated K+ channels
A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

73
Q

The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________.
the closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
the closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

A

the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

74
Q

Hyperpolarization results from __________.
slow closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels
fast closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

A

slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels

75
Q

What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential?
100 mV
70 mV
30 mV

A

100 mV

76
Q

During propagation of the action potential, __________.
the axon hillock depolarizes the initial segment
local currents depolarize a spot adjacent to the active zone
after threshold is reached, sodium channels open rapidly
All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

A

All of these events occur during propagation of the action potential.

77
Q 
Which of these is the earliest step in the generation of an action potential?
	 Potassium channels inactivate.
	 Sodium channels inactivate.
	 Sodium channels open.
	 Potassium channels open.
A

Sodium channels open.

78
Q

The all-or-none principle states that
the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential.
all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.
only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.

A

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

79
Q

A threshold stimulus is the
depolarization necessary to cause an action potential.
electrical current that crosses the synaptic cleft.
hyperpolarization of an axon.
resting potential.
peak of an action potential.

A

depolarization necessary to cause an action potential.

80
Q

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?
Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open.
It is more positive than the resting potential.
Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to close.
Threshold for a typical neuron is approximately -30 mV.
The membrane begins to hyperpolarize.

A

It is more positive than the resting potential.

81
Q

Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________.
smaller diameter
unmyelinated
slower propagating
Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

A

Type C axons have all of these characteristics.

82
Q

Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly?
Type C fiber
Type B fiber
Type A fiber
All fibers have the same propagation speed.

A

Type A fiber

83
Q

Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?
diameter of the axon
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
length of the axon
presence or absence of nodes
presence or absence of a myelin sheath

A

whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS

84
Q

In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________.
presynaptic neuron
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic neuron

A

presynaptic neuron

85
Q

The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________.
quantity of neurotransmitter released
characteristics of the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
kind of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron
All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

A

All of these factors affect what happens at the postsynaptic neuron.

86
Q 
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
	 an interneuron.
	 the presynaptic neuron.
	 an oligodendrocyte.
	 the postsynaptic neuron.
	 the motor neuron.
A

the postsynaptic neuron.

87
Q 
Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?
	 processing
	 electrical
	 mechanical
	 chemical
	 radiative
A

chemical

88
Q 
The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is
	 sodium.
	 chloride.
	 magnesium.
	 calcium.
	 potassium.
A

calcium.

89
Q 
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
	 serotonin.
	 GABA.
	 adrenalin.
	 norepinephrine.
	 acetylcholine.
A

acetylcholine.

90
Q 
Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor?
	 norepinephrine
	 nitric oxide
	 serotonin
	 GABA
A

nitric oxide

91
Q 
Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses?
	 GABA
	 norepinephrine
	 adrenaline
	 serotonin
A

norepinephrine

92
Q

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?
interfere with neurotransmitter reuptake
change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane
prevent neurotransmitter inactivation
block neurotransmitter binding to receptors
interfere with neurotransmitter synthesis

A

change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane

93
Q 
Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators?
	 endorphins
	 dynorphins
	 enkephalins
	 endomorphins
	 All of the answers are correct.
A

All of the answers are correct.

94
Q 
The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?
	 both IPSPs and EPSPs
	 neither IPSPs nor EPSPs
	 IPSPs
	 EPSPs
A

EPSPs

95
Q 
The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
	 IPSPs
	 presynaptic inhibition
	 EPSPs
	 presynaptic facilitation
A

presynaptic inhibition

A&P 507 (12 decks)

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