Chapter 16 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system pathway?
All of the listed responses are correct.
cardiac muscle
glands
smooth muscle
A
All of the listed responses are correct.
2
Q
Where can you find the cell bodies of the ganglionic neurons? skeletal muscle autonomic ganglia hypothalamus smooth muscle
A
autonomic ganglia
3
Q
Where is the integrative center for autonomic activity located? hypothalamus skeletal muscle smooth muscle autonomic ganglia
A
hypothalamus
4
Q
What is the effector of the somatic nervous system pathway? smooth muscle cardiac muscle adipocytes skeletal muscle
A
skeletal muscle
5
Q
Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located?
in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum
within skeletal muscles
in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
in the brain stem
A
in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum
6
Q
How many neurons comprise the somatic nervous system pathway? one two three four
A
two
7
Q
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? craniosacral division somatic division resting division lumbosacral division thoracolumbar division
A
thoracolumbar division
8
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." somatomotor thoracolumbar parasympathetic visceral sympathetic
A
parasympathetic
9
Q
Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in
both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
the brain.
the cerebrum.
A
both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
10
Q
Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as cardiac muscle. smooth muscle. glands. adipose tissue. All of the answers are correct.
A
All of the answers are correct.
11
Q
The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? stress exercise trauma exertion digestion
A
digestion
12
Q
The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.
A
craniosacral
13
Q
Which response is not part of sympathetic activation?
decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
increased alertness
decreased muscle tone
increased heart rate
A
decreased muscle tone
14
Q
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ axons. short; unmyelinated short; myelinated intermediate; small long; myelinated long; unmyelinated
A
short; myelinated
15
Q
In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?
cerebellum
brain stem
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord
sacral segments of the spinal cord
A
thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
16
Q
Postganglionic axons usually are unmyelinated. located in the spinal cord. located in the brain. myelinated. larger than preganglionic fibers.
A
unmyelinated.
17
Q
The suprarenal medullae secrete both epinephrine and norepinephrine. medullin. epinephrine. norepinephrine. renin.
A
both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
18
Q
During sympathetic activation, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs. sweating elevated blood pressure elevated heart rate elevated blood glucose All of the answers are correct.
A
All of the answers are correct.
19
Q
Which of these neurotransmitters is not released at sympathetic neuroeffector junctions? norepinephrine epinephrine acetylcholine nitric oxide
A
epinephrine
20
Q
Which of these is not an action of the sympathetic nervous system? to constrict the pupils to increase sweating to increase heart rate to reduce skin circulation
A
to constrict the pupils
21
Q
Which of these substances is not a neurotransmitter at a sympathetic effector synapse? norepinephrine gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) epinephrine acetylcholine (ACh)
A
gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
22
Q
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). The following answer choices describe the actions of different drugs. The best kind of drug for Tom’s condition would:
1. block beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. 2. increase cAMP levels in cardiac muscle tissue. 3. block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle. 4. block alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue. 5. block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle, as well as beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
A
- block alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle, as well as beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
23
Q
Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? sweating increased blood sugar level increased heart rate decreased blood pressure dilation of respiratory passages
A
decreased blood pressure
24
Q
Postganglionic sympathetic axons can release the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ at their effector junctions. acetylcholine nitric oxide norepinephrine ACh All of the answers are correct.
A
All of the answers are correct.
25
Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
increased heart rate and force of contraction.
decreased force of contraction.
inhibition of the heart muscle.
slower heart rate.
the decrease in ATP production.
increased heart rate and force of contraction.
26
Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
1. release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
2. decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion.
3. increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
4. an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
5. a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
1. release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
27
An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that
activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
activates β1 adrenergic receptors.
activates β2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
blocks β2 adrenergic receptors.
activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
activates β2 adrenergic receptors.
28
Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?
Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types.
Norepinephrine activates both alpha and beta types.
When activated, cAMP levels are affected.
They are G proteins.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
29
```
Which of the following target organs will have its parasympathetic regulation impacted by damage to the sacral region of the spinal cord?
Salivary glands
Urinary bladder
Heart
Stomach
```
Urinary bladder
30
```
Where are the parasympathetic ganglionic synapses for the heart located?
In the celiac ganglion
Within the heart itself
In the otic ganglion
In the ciliary ganglion
```
Within the heart itself
31
```
Which of the following is a component of the sympathetic nervous system?
submandibular ganglion
ciliary ganglion
celiac ganglion
otic ganglion
```
celiac ganglion
32
```
Which nerves contain the most parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
vagus
trigeminal
splanchnic
optic
```
vagus
33
Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
stimulation of defecation.
dilation of the airways.
constriction of the pupils.
decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction.
stimulation of urination.
dilation of the airways.
34
Nicotine, the highly addictive plant toxin, activates nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This means it will __________.
inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic synapses
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic neuroeffector synapses
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
inhibit synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses
35
```
Which of these organs does not receive parasympathetic input?
lungs
skin
stomach
heart
```
skin
36
```
Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.
muscarinic cholinergic
beta
adregeneric
nicotinic cholinergic
alpha
```
muscarinic cholinergic
37
Nicotinic receptors
respond to norepinephrine.
are found at neuroeffector junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system.
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.
respond to epinephrine.
are found at neuroeffector junctions of the sympathetic nervous system.
open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.
38
Muscarinic receptors
always produce an excitatory response.
control sodium channels in the affected membrane.
are found mostly in autonomic ganglia.
are normally activated by acetylcholine.
are blocked by norepinephrine.
are normally activated by acetylcholine.
39
At which of the following synapses is epinephrine secreted?
Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla
Terminal ganglia at parasympathetic synapses
All sympathetic ganglia
All parasympathetic ganglia
Postganglionic neurons within sympathetic ganglia of the adrenal medulla
40
```
Which of these is not a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
Both use acetylcholine.
Both affect the pupils.
Both affect heart rate.
Both use norepinephrine.
```
Both use norepinephrine.
41
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
both sensory and motor nerves.
two nerves from the spinal cord.
nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
42
Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving
both sensory and motor nerves.
two nerves from the spinal cord.
nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
43
```
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the
cardiac plexus.
celiac plexus.
sphenopalatine ganglia.
hypogastric plexus.
otic ganglia.
```
cardiac plexus.
44
Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon
somatomotor stimulation only.
sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.
sympathetic stimulation only.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
parasympathetic stimulation only.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
45
Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it
1. allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions.
2. allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
3. provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.
4. allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity.
5. allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity.
allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
46
A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in
no change in vessel diameter.
an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
oscillation in vessel diameter.
a decrease in vessel diameter.
a decrease in blood flow through the vessel.
an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
47
Short reflexes are __________.
visceral reflexes
essential to digestive function
reflexes confined to the peripheral nervous system
All of these are true of short reflexes.
All of these are true of short reflexes.
48
To form a long-term memory of a motor skill requires which brain center?
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
All of these brain centers are required to form a long-term memory of a motor skill.
All of these brain centers are required to form a long-term memory of a motor skill.
49
```
Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?
prefrontal lobe
hippocampus
basal nuclei
occipital lobe
insula
```
hippocampus
50
```
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called
tertiary memories.
consolidated memories.
multilobar memories.
secondary memories.
reflexive memories.
```
tertiary memories.
51
```
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called
memory engraving.
memory programming.
memory consolidation.
anterograde amnesia.
memory conversion.
```
memory consolidation.
52
```
The conscious state is maintained by the
general interpretive area.
nucleus gracilis.
prefrontal lobes.
reticular activating system.
limbic system.
```
reticular activating system.
53
```
LSD activates __________ receptors in the limbic system.
norepinephrine
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
```
serotonin
54
```
LSD activates __________ receptors in the limbic system.
norepinephrine
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
```
serotonin
55
```
Brain dopamine levels are important in all of these except __________.
the action of amphetamine
schizophrenia
Parkinson disease
Huntington disease
```
Huntington disease
56
```
The difficulties with memory and language common with advancing years may be signs of __________.
senile dementia
Alzheimer disease
delirium agitans
supermaturity
```
senile dementia
57
Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by
blocking acetylcholine receptors.
increasing the production of GABA.
stimulating receptors for norepinephrine.
stimulating serotonin receptors.
mimicking the action of dopamine.
stimulating serotonin receptors.
58
The nervous and endocrine systems can interact through __________.
locally-released chemicals
direct physical contact
chemicals carried in the blood
The nervous and endocrine systems can interact through all of these means.
The nervous and endocrine systems can interact through all of these means.
59
```
Which of these organ systems least requires the nervous system to function?
respiratory
endocrine
muscular
skeletal
```
skeletal
