Chapter 16: Schools, Achievement and Work

Question 1

What is the constructivist approach to student learning?

Answer 1

Learner-centered, emphasizing importance of active knowledge construction and using the guidance of the teacher.

Question 2

What is the direct instruction approach to student learning?

Answer 2

Teacher-centered, emphasizing structure in which teacher has direction and control. Goal is to maximize student learning time.

Question 3

What are the positive and negative outcomes of standardized testing?

Answer 3

Has more accountability, but is not always the best predictor of intelligence.

Question 4

What is child-centered kindergarten?

Answer 4

Encompasses physical, cognitive and socioemotional development.

Question 5

What is the Montessori approach to early childhood education?

Answer 5

Hands-off approach, giving children freedom in choosing activities, allowing flexibility in terms of activity duration.

Question 6

What is the Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)?

Answer 6

Focus on socioemotional and cognitive development. Considers both the norm for the age and the uniqueness of each child. Emphasis on the learning process rather than content.

Question 7

What is ABC Head Start?

Answer 7

Education program for children who are disadvantaged from low-income families.

Question 8

____ ____ and ____ are very important in order for children to learn how to compensate for a learning disability.

Answer 8

Early recognition, remediation

Question 9

/ Canadians may have a learning disability.

Answer 9

1/10

Question 10

What is dyslexia?

Answer 10

Severe impairment in ability to read/spell

Question 11

What is dysgraphia?

Answer 11

Difficulty with handwriting

Question 12

What is dyscalculia?

Answer 12

Developmental arithmetic disorder

Question 13

What is ADHD?

Answer 13

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – consistently innattentive, hyperactive and/or impulsive

Question 14

Which two drugs are used to improve attention in many children diagnosed with ADHD/

Answer 14

Ritalin, Adderall

Question 15

What are two examples of ASD’s?

Answer 15

Autism spectrum disorders – Autistic disorder (severe), Asperger syndrome (mild)

Question 16

What is an individual education plan?

Answer 16

Written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for a student with disability.

Question 17

What is the least restrictive environment?

Answer 17

Setting similar to one in which children do not have a disability are educated. Aims to include special education children full-time in the regular classroom.

Question 18

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 18

Engaging in activity to gain something else

Question 19

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

Engaging in activity for its own sake.

Question 20

What do autonomy-supportive teachers foster?

Answer 20

Intrinsic motivation

Question 21

What is mastery orientation?

Answer 21

Task-oriented, concerned with the strategies and the process rather than the outcome.

Question 22

What is helpless orientation?

Answer 22

Trapped by the experience of difficulty, attributing it to their lack of ability.

Question 23

What is a fixed mindset associated with?

Answer 23

Associated with helpless orientation

Question 24

What is a growth mindset associated with?

Answer 24

Mastery orientation

Question 25

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 25

The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Question 26

What is a performance orientation?

Answer 26

Focus on winning, belief that happiness results from winning.

Question 27

What did Dweck and her colleagues study?

Answer 27

The brain’s plasticity, wanted to improve motivation to achieve and succeed by emphasizing the idea of “growing” your brain by exercising/challenging it.

Question 28

Individuals who set specific, proximal and challenging goals tend to have more or less achievement?

Answer 28

More.

Question 29

What 3 phases were in Zimmerman’s model of self-regulation in achievement contexts?

Answer 29

Forethought, performance, self-reflection

Question 30

What does Eccles argue about expectations and values?

Answer 30

That they influence performance, persistence and task choice.

Question 31

Does SES or ethnicity predict achievement better?

Answer 31

SES. Low-income families have lack of adequate learning resources.

Question 32

What is career mystique?

Answer 32

Ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will automatically lead to status, security, and happiness

Question 33

How does large amounts of time spent in paid labor affect development?

Answer 33

It limits development, lowers grades and is sometimes associated with risky behaviour and worse physical health.