Chapter 1 & 2: Intro/Biological Beginnings Flashcards
What is the “traditional view” of development? What does it focus on?
There is considerable change from birth to adolescence, and little change throughout adulthood. The focus is on children.
What is the “lifespan view” of development?
There is a focus on all ages and the entire transition from birth to death.
What age is currently considered the maximum human life expectancy?
122 years.
What is the current average life expectancy in the US?
78 years.
Who is Paul Baltes?
A lifespan development expert.
What are some characteristics of the lifespan perspective?
Lifelong, Multidimensional, Multidirectional, Plastic, Multidisciplinary, Contextual.
What are the three main focuses of the lifespan perspective?
Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss.
What are normative age-graded influences?
Experiences that are similar for people in the same age group.
What are normative history-graded influences?
Experiences that are common to people in specific cohorts/particular generations due to historical circumstances.
What are non-normative life events?
Unusual, impacting individual experiences that are not shared with others.
What are some contemporary concerns in lifespan development?
Health and well-being, parenting and education
Which three processes make up the nature of development?
Biological, Cognitive and Socioemotional.
Are older adults more or less satisfied than younger adults?
More satisfied.
What are the ideas behind “Nature and Nurture”?
The effects of biological inheritance and environmental experiences on development.
What are the ideas between “Stability and Change”?
How much early experiences affect development and whether the results can be altered later in life. Genetic material remains stable, but environmental changes provide plasticity.
What are the ideas between “Continuity and Discontinuity?”
Whether development changes happen in stages, gradually or cumulatively.
What is Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development?
Adult personality is shaped by how we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure and demands of reality at each stage.
When is the Oral stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?
Birth - 18 months. Without oral satisfaction, the individual will become gullible, passive, and dependent.
When is the Anal stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?
18 months - 3 years. Without defecation satisfaction, the individual will become anal-retentive or anal-expulsive.
When is the Phallic stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?
3 - 6 years. Without genital satisfaction, the individual will become flirtatious, vain, jealous and competitive.
When is the Latency stage of psychosexual development?
6 years - puberty. At this stage, impulses are repressed.
When is the Genital stage of psychosexual development? What are the fixation characteristics?
Puberty on. Without genital satisfaction, the individual will have difficulty forming healthy relationships.
How did neo-Freudians alter Freud’s psychosexual theory?
They didn’t place such an important role on sexuality.
What is the Oedipus Complex?
Young males are attracted to their mothers, and fear/are jealous of their fathers.
What is the Electra Complex?
Young females are attracted to their fathers, and fear/are jealous of their mothers.
What is Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
He focused on social and cultural aspects of development throughout the lifetime.
In which stage does a child develop a sense of security? At what age?
Trust vs. Mistrust, 1 year.
In which stage does a child develop a sense of independence? At what age?
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, 1 - 3 years.
In which stage does a child find balance between spontaneity and restraint? At what age?
Initiative vs. Guilt, 3 - 5 years.
In which stage does a child develop self-confidence? At what age?
Industry vs. Inferiority. 6 years - puberty.
According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion. If successful, sense of self is unified.
According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in early adulthood?
Intimacy vs. Isolation. If successful, have an ability to form successful personal relationships.
According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in middle adulthood?
Generativity vs. Stagnation. If successful, promote the well-being of others.
According to Erikson, what conflict is addressed in late adulthood?
Integrity vs. Despair. If successful, enjoy a sense of satisfaction while reflecting on how life was lived.
What are three important theories of development?
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
Information Processing Theory
What is Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
Children actively construct their understanding of the world in an adaptive manner. They organize and connect ideas. Development happens in stages.
Which of Piaget’s stages is from birth - 2 years?
Sensorimotor Stage. Infant gains the understanding that it can act purposefully upon his environment.
Which of Piaget’s stages is from 2 - 7 years?
Preoperational Stage. Childis able to represent the world with words and images, but does not yet have complete operational processing yet.
Which of Piaget’s stages is from 7 - 11 years?
Concrete Operational Stage. Child gains ability to reason logically about concrete events.
Which of Piaget’s stages is from 11 years - adulthood?
Formal Operational Stage. Adolescent is capable of abstract thought.
What is Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory?
Culture and social interaction play a large role in development. Children learn strategies from more skilled peers and adults. Development is gradual.
What does the Information Processing theory emphasize?
Individuals manipulate information, monitor it and then strategize with it. Development is gradual.
What is Skinner’s operant conditioning theory?
The consequences of behaviours affect the probability of the behaviour reoccurring. Rewards and punishments shape behaviour.
What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
Children learn from observation and imitation.
What did Lorenz study?
He studied geese and learned about how they imprint.
What did Bowlby study?
How caregiver attachment in early childhood predicts the security of development later on.
Which theorist created the ecological theory, with the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem?
Bronfenbrenner.
Which ecological system focuses on culture?
Macrosystem.
Which ecological system focuses on the passage of time?
Chronosystem
Which syndrome is characterized by an extra chromosome and intellectual disability and physical abnormalities?
Down Syndrome
Which syndrome is characterized by an extra X chromosome and physical abnormalities?
Kleinfelter Syndrome (XXY)
Which syndrome is characterized by an abnormality in the X chromosome and causes intellectual/learning disabilities and short attention span?
Fragile X Syndrome
Which syndrome is characterized by a missing X chromosome in females and causes intellectual disbility and sexual underdevelopment?
Turner Syndrome (XO)
Which syndrome is characterized by an extra X chromosome and causes above-average height?
XYY Syndrome
What is cystic fibrosis?
Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production – breathing and digestion are hampered.
What is diabetes?
Lack of insulin production, causes abnormal sugar metabolism.
What is hemophilia?
Delayed blood clotting that causes internal/external bleeding.
What is Huntington’s disease?
CNS deterioration, producing problems w/ muscle coordination and mental deteroriation.
What is PKU (phenykletonuria)?
Metabolic disorder that can cause intellectual disability.
What is sickle-cell anemia?
Blood disorder that limits oxygen supply.
What is spina bifida?
Lower neural tube disorder that causes brain/spine abnormalities.
What is Tay Sachs disease?
Deceleration of mental/physical development caused by accumulation of lipids in the NS.
What is anencephaly?
When the head of the neural tube fails to close.
What is the germinal period of prenatal development?
First 2 weeks after conception.
What is the embryonic period of prenatal devel.? What develops during this time?
2-8 weeks after conception. Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm
What is the fetal period of development?
Last 7 months until birth – growth and development of lungs and organs
Which layer of the body develops into the neural tube?
Ectoderm
What should mothers do to prevent neural tube disorders in their children?
Consume lots of folic acid.
What is ultrasound sonography?
Noninvasive procedure using sound waves to create a visual representation of the fetus.
What is a fetal MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging – uses powerful magnet to create a detailed image of organs/structures
What is chorionic villi sampling?
Tiny tissue sample removed from placenta and analyzed
What is amniocentesis?
Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn with a syringe
What is a teratogen?
Any substance/agent that could be toxic or harmful to a fetus.
What is analgesia?
Drug used to relieve pain
What is anesthesia?
A numbing drug used for epidurals.
When might a doctor recommend the use of oxytocin for a pregnant woman?
When it is 7-10 days past the due date – synthetic hormones stimulates contractions
What does the Apgar scale assess?
The health of a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
What is Postpartum Depression and how common is it?
Major depressive episode that occurs about 4 weeks after delivery, 10-15% of mothers experience it.
