Chapter 15: Peers and the Sociocultural World

Question 1

What happens to children who are rejected by their peers?

Answer 1

They tend to be lonely, hostile and have more likelihood of future mental health and criminal offences.

Question 2

What do preschoolers value in their friendships?

Answer 2

Shared toys and activities

Question 3

What do primary school children value in their friendships?

Answer 3

Shared experiences and fun

Question 4

What do late childhood/adolescents value in their friendships?

Answer 4

Friend’s traits, trust, communication and intimacy

Question 5

What areas do parents have more control over than peers?

Answer 5

Morality, religion, education

Question 6

Are children with high emotionality more or less likely to have negative relationships with peers?

Answer 6

More likely

Question 7

Children prefer same-sex playmates by what age?

Answer 7

3 years

Question 8

Do boys or girls tend to associate in larger groups?

Answer 8

Boys

Question 9

As children enter elementary, ____ becomes especially important in peer exchanges.

Answer 9

reciprocity

Question 10

At 2 years, __% of time is spent in social interaction with peers. By mid-late childhood, __% of time is spent.

Answer 10

10%, 30%

Question 11

What does Dodge argue about social processing?

Answer 11

Children go through 6 steps.

Question 12

What is step 1 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 12

Attending to social cues

Question 13

What is step 2 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 13

Attribute intent

Question 14

What is step 3 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 14

Generate goals

Question 15

What is step 4 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 15

Access behavioural scripts from memory

Question 16

What is step 5 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 16

Make decisions

Question 17

What is step 6 of Dodge’s theory?

Answer 17

Enact behaviour

Question 18

How many peer statuses do developmental researchers argue exist?

Answer 18

5. Popular, average, neglected, rejected and controversial

Question 19

Nearly / of middle school students report occasional or frequent involvement in bullying (either victim or perpetrator)

Answer 19

1/3

Question 20

Nearly / of middle school students report occasional or frequent involvement in bullying (either victim or perpetrator)

Answer 20

1/3

Question 21

__-__% of bullying takes place between individuals in the same classroom.

Answer 21

70-80%

Question 22

In a study where children were classified as bullies, bully-victims, victims or prosocial children, they differed in terms of their ____ ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 22

Perspective taking, moral motivation

Question 23

What grades are the peak of conformity?

Answer 23

8th and 9th grade

Question 24

What is a clique?

Answer 24

Small group of 2-12 people with members of same age and sex that engage in similar activities.

Question 25

What is a crowd?

Answer 25

Larger than a clique, membership is based on reputation. They often do not spend much time together, and they are defined by the activities they engage in.

Question 26

Companionship, stimulation, ego support, social comparison and affection/intimacy are examples of what?

Answer 26

Functions of friendship.

Question 27

What do men expect in friendships?

Answer 27

Maintaining distance while exchanging large amounts of practical information. Spending time in shared activities.

Question 28

What do women expect in friendships?

Answer 28

Good listening skills, sympathetic responses and time spent talking.

Question 29

Why do women often seek out men as friends?

Answer 29

In hopes of receiving pragmatic, logical responses to emotional problems.

Question 30

Who has been the most influential theorist of adolescent friendships?

Answer 30

Sullivan.

Question 31

Are friendships or family relationships better predictors of mental health in adults over 60?

Answer 31

Friendships

Question 32

What is the disengagement theory of aging?

Answer 32

In order to cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society.

Question 33

What is the activity theory of aging?

Answer 33

When older adults are more active and involved, they are more likely to be satisfied with their lives. Research supports this theory.

Question 34

What is ageism?

Answer 34

Prejudice against others because of their age. Often expressed through disrespect and assumptions of ailment/frailty.

Question 35

Older adults report being __ (more/less) lonely than younger adults.

Answer 35

Less

Question 36

Activity, challenging cognitive activities, compensating for losses and maximizing self-efficacy and optimism are examples of what?

Answer 36

Factors associated with successful aging.

Question 37

_____ is common across all cultures.

Answer 37

Ethnocentrism

Question 38

What are the positive and negative effects of television on development?

Answer 38

Positive: motivating education programs, increasing world knowledge beyond immediate environment, providing models of prosocial behaviour. Negative: passive learning, distraction from homework, stereotypical views, violent models of aggression, unrealistic world views.

Question 39

After what age does media become an effective educational tool?

Answer 39

3 years.

Question 40

Canada has a child poverty rate of __%. United States has a rate of __%. Sweden has a rate of __%.

Answer 40

9%, 20%, 2%