Chapter 10: Emotional Development and Attachment Flashcards
What is emotion?
Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is engaged in an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.
Throughout the lifespan, how does emotion regulation change?
It shifts from biological, reactionary, external sources to self-initiated, internal sources.
What are the characteristics of emotion-coaching parents?
Monitoring the child’s emotions, viewing negative emotions as a teaching opportunity, helping them to label emotions.
What are the characteristics of emotion-dismissing parents?
Denying, ignoring and attempting to change emotions.
What does emotional competence involve?
Awareness of one’s emotional states, detecting others’ emotions, using vocabulary of emotion to fully articulate your feelings and the reasons behind them, feeling empathy and sympathy to others’ experiences.
What are primary emotions and when do they appear?
Emotions present in humans and other animals that appear in the first 6 months of life.
What are self-conscious emotions and when do they appear?
Emotions that require self-awareness that appear after 18 months.
What are the three types of baby cries?
Basic cry: Cry, brief pause, cry (often associated with hunger)
Anger cry: Similar to basic cry, but more forceful
Pain cry: Sharp long cry, pause
What are the two types of baby smiles?
Reflexive smile: self-generated, during first month, often while sleeping. Not in response to external stimuli.
Social smile: Emerges at 4-6 weeks, often in response to caregiver’s voice. Response to external stimuli.
When do infants begin showing a fear response? To what?
Begins around 6 months, peaks at 18. In response to strangers.
When do children display separation protest? When does it peak?
Displayed by 7-8 months, peaks around 13-15 months.
Why do infants suck their thumbs?
To self-soothe during times of distress.
What did Watson believe about parent reactions to a child’s crying?
That attending to a child and soothing them when they are distressed reinforces the behaviour, encouraging them to cry more frequently.
What did Ainsworth and Bowlby believe about parent reactions to a child’s crying?
That you cannot respond too much to an infant’s crying in first year of life. It encourages a sense of trust and a secure attachment style and increases soothability later in life.
When do children begin to feel pride, shame, guilt and embarrassment?
During the 2nd year of life.
When do children increase their emotional vocabulary?
Between 2 and 4 years.
When do children increase their ability to reflect on emotions?
Between 4 and 5 years.
When do the following changes occur?
Improved emotional understanding, concealment of negative emotional reactions, use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, tendency to take into account the events leading to emotional reactions, and development of capacity for genuine empathy
Mid-late childhood.
Is it true that adolescents are constantly in a state of emotional turmoil?
No, but emotional highs and lows do increase and may be due to not knowing how to adequately express their feelings, drastic hormone and body shifts, and less life experience.
How do reactions to stress differ between adult men and women?
Men typically respond with “fight or flight”, become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, and drink alcohol.
Women respond with “tend or befriend”, seeking alliances and companionship with others.
Which hormone is linked to nurturing and released by women in stressful situations?
Oxytocin.
What are the emotional tendencies of older adults?
Feel more positive emotions and react less strongly to negative circumstances, becoming more mellow with age.
How does the goal mindset change with age?
Younger adults are more focused on knowledge-related goals, while older adults shift their focus toward emotion-related goals.
