Chapter 13: Moral Development, Values, and Religion

Question 1

What does moral development involve?

Answer 1

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong

Question 2

What is the interpersonal dimension of morality?

Answer 2

How the person regulates their activities when alone or not engaged with another

Question 3

What is the intrapersonal dimension of morality?

Answer 3

How the person regulates social interactions and deals with conflict.

Question 4

How do Piaget and Kohlberg’s theories differ from the Domain Theory Approach?

Answer 4

While Piaget and Kohlberg argue that people pass through levels of morality in stages, the DTA argues that the process isn’t sequential, but rather that all conceptualizations of morality occur in parallel.

Question 5

What did Piaget believe about moral development?

Answer 5

Children go through two distinct states about how they view morality.

Question 6

What is heteronormous morality (Piaget)? When does it occur?

Answer 6

4-7 years. Children view justice and rules as unchangeable and uncontrollable elements. They believe in immanent justice.

Question 7

What is autonomous morality (Piaget)? When does it occur?

Answer 7

10+ years. Children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action, they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences. They understand that justice is not imminent or inevitable.

Question 8

Are parent-child or peer relationships more influential on a child’s understanding of autonomous morality? Why?

Answer 8

Peer, because with authority figures the rules are typically non-negotiable. With people of similar status, insight is gained through the cooperative process of negotiating.

Question 9

What is stage 1 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 9

Part of the Preconventional Level, “heteronormous morality.” Obeying because you fear punishment and want rewards. Most children under 9 years are in this stage.

Question 10

What is stage 2 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 10

Part of the Preconventional Level, “individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange.” Pursuing your own interests and letting others do the same. Respecting the Golden Rule.

Question 11

What is stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 11

Part of the Conventional Level, “mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships and interpersonal conformity.” Most adolescents are in this stage.

Question 12

What is stage 4 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 12

Part of the Conventional Level, “social systems morality.” Focus on duties as a citizen, obeying social order.

Question 13

What is stage 5 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 13

Part of the Postconventional Level, “social contract or utility and individual rights.” Establishing a personal moral code, not based on expectation, due to critical thinking and introspection about personal values. This transcends the law.

Question 14

What is stage 6 of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 14

Part of the Postconventional Level, “universal ethical principles.” This stage has recently been removed from the theory as it is unattainable.

Question 15

What is the recent trend among young adults in their journey through Kohlberg’s stages?

Answer 15

Many are reverting back to stage 1, rewards vs. punishments, particularly college students.

Question 16

What is the difference between Kohlberg’s justice perspective and Gilligan’s care perspective?

Answer 16

The justice perspective is male-centered, claiming people tend to move through stages to a higher sense of justice. The care perspective is more focused on fostering positive relationships, making it female-centered.

Question 17

What is the psychoanalytic theory of moral development?

Answer 17

Based on the motivation to avoid feelings of guilt. The superego is made up of the EGO IDEAL, which conveys a sense of pride and personal value when actions align with ideal standards, and the CONSCIENCE, which conveys a sense of guilt when those standards are acted against.

Question 18

What is empathy?

Answer 18

Reacting to the feelings of another person with an emotional response that approximates those feelings.

Question 19

What are the basic processes of moral behaviour?

Answer 19

Reinforcement, punishment and imitation

Question 20

What does Bandura emphasize in his Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 20

There is a distinction between an individual’s moral competence and moral performance.

Question 21

What are moral exemplars?

Answer 21

People who have a highly moral identity, personality and character. These individuals have virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment to moral thought and behavior.

Question 22

What does Daemon believe about moral development in childhood?

Answer 22

Not much morality is observed in early infancy, but unclear feelings of distress and discomfort at another’s displeasure grows into genuine feelings of concern, eventually recognizing that each individual has their own reaction (which allows them to respond more appropriately). Eventually, they garner global empathy towards those in unfortunate circumstances.

Question 23

What is the moral domain of the Domain Theory?

Answer 23

Obligatory and widely accepted rules.

Question 24

What is the social conventional domain of the Domain Theory?

Answer 24

Conventional and somewhat arbitrary rules established by social consensus.

Question 25

What is the personal domain of the Domain Theory?

Answer 25

It is subject to independent decision making and personal discretion.

Question 26

Are parent-child or peer relationships more influential on a child’s understanding of autonomous morality according to Piaget/Kohlberg? Why? Is this true?

Answer 26

Peer, because with authority figures the rules are typically non-negotiable. With people of similar status, insight is gained through the cooperative process of negotiating. Current research shows that both parent and peer relationships are equally influential.

Question 27

What is the personal domain of the Domain Theory?

Answer 27

It is subject to independent decision making and personal discretion.

Question 28

What is altruism?

Answer 28

A prosocial behaviour, unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping others. Some people argue that it doesn’t exist.

Question 29

What is reciprocity?

Answer 29

Doing a good deed expecting to be rewarded from it. Guilt and anger emerge when there are imbalances.

Question 30

Until what age is sharing nonempathetic?

Answer 30

3

Question 31

When do children begin to realize the importance of merit and benevolence?

Answer 31

By the start of elementary school.

Question 32

What is conduct disorder?

Answer 32

Age-inappropriate actions/attitudes that violate family/society norms, and personal/property rights of others.

Question 33

What percentage of children show serious conduct problems?

Answer 33

5%

Question 34

What percentage of children cheat/steal/lie/disobey?

Answer 34

50%

Question 35

What is juvenile delinquency?

Answer 35

Adolescent behaviour that breaks the law/is illegal.

Question 36

__/__ juvenile crimes are committed by males.

Answer 36

8/10

Question 37

What is the difference between early- and late-onset antisocial behaviour?

Answer 37

Early = before age 11. Associated with more negative developmental outcomes.

Question 38

What are the best ways for a parent to deal with misbehaviour?

Answer 38

To proactively avert it before it happens, and to have conversational dialogue about moral development.

Question 39

Adolescent’s moral motivation is _____ _____ to the quality of the relationship with their parents.

Answer 39

Positively linked

Question 40

What is the “hidden curriculum” of schools?

Answer 40

The pervasive moral atmosphere.

Question 41

What was Narvaez’s view on “sustaining climates”?

Answer 41

That a sustaining classroom environment involves focusing on sense of purpose, social communications, community connections, and ethics.

Question 42

What is character education?

Answer 42

Teaching students moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in moral behaviour.

Question 43

What is values clarification?

Answer 43

Helping students clarify their purpose in life, define their values and understand the values of others.

Question 44

What is cognitive moral education?

Answer 44

An approach based on teaching the value of democracy and justice.

Question 45

What is service learning?

Answer 45

Form of education that promotes social responsibility and community service.

Question 46

What is Narvaez’s integrative approach to moral education?

Answer 46

It encompasses both reflective moral thinking and developing virtues – essentially, integrates Kohlberg’s theory and the character education approach.

Question 47

What was found in the Pittsburgh Youth Study?

Answer 47

That there are three pathways towards delinquency –

1. Authority conflict (stubbornness in childhood, eventually becoming defiance and avoidance)
2. Covert (begins with minor acts, getting progressively more serious)
3. Overt (minor aggression followed by fighting and violence)

Question 48

What is the difference between religion and religiousness?

Answer 48

Religion is the organization itself – religiousness is a person’s affiliation with the religious community

Question 49

What is spirituality?

Answer 49

Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner

Question 50

What percentage of parents pray or read scripture with their children? What percentage send their children to religious education programs?

Answer 50

63%, 60%

Question 51

What is meaning-making coping?

Answer 51

Drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in times of high levels of stress such as when a loved one dies.

Question 52

What 3 qualities did Frankl believed were the most distinctly human?

Answer 52

Spirituality, freedom, responsibility

Question 53

What 4 main needs do Baumeister and Vohs believe giuide people to make sense of their lives?

Answer 53

Need for purpose, values, sense of efficacy, self-worth.