CHAPTER 16

Question 1

Transduction

Answer 1

form of converting one energy to another

Question 2

Receptor potential

Answer 2

electrical change on a receptor cause by stimulus

Question 3

Sensation

Answer 3

awareness of a stimulus

Question 4

what are the four sensory receptors that transmit info

Answer 4

-modality
-location
-intensity
-duration

Question 5

modality

Answer 5

-type of stimulus or sensation it produces

Question 6

Location and receptive field

Answer 6

where stimulus is located
-receptive field- area in which a sensory neuron detects stimuli

Question 7

Intensity and how its encoded

Answer 7

-strength of stimulus (pain mild or bad)
-encoded by: which fibres respond, how many fibres respond, how fast are they firing

Question 8

Describe location and modality for free nerve ending

Answer 8

-widespread
-pain,heat,touch

Question 8

Duration- phasic and tonic receptors

Answer 8

-how long the stimulus lasts

phasic- fast, burst of action potential
tonic- slow steady action potential

Question 8

what does unencapsulated nerve endings mean and what receptors are in it

Answer 8

-nerve tissues that lack connective tissue wrappings

-free nerve ending
-tactile discs
-hair receptors

Question 9

Describe location and modality for tactile discs

Answer 9

-stratum basale
-pressure

Question 10

Describe location and modality for hair receptors

Answer 10

-around hair follicle
-hair movement

Question 11

what does encapsulated endings mean and what receptors are in it

Answer 11

-nerve endings with encapsulated by glia or connective tissue

-Tactile corpuscles
-Krause end bulbs
-Bulbous corpuscles
-Lamellar corpuscles

Question 12

Describe location and modality for Tactile corpuscles

Answer 12

-dermal papillae (eg tongue)
-texture

Question 13

Describe location and modality for end bulbs

Answer 13

-mucous membrane
–texture

Question 14

Describe location and modality for bulbous

Answer 14

-dermis
-joint movements

Question 15

Describe location and modality for lamellar

Answer 15

dermis
-tickle/vibration

Question 16

name the stimulus modality receptors

Answer 16

-thermoreceptors- temp
-photoreceptors-light
-nociceptors- tissue injury/damage
-chemoreceptors- chemicals
mechanoreceptors- deformation

Question 17

name the origin of stimuli receptors

Answer 17

-Exteroceptors—external stimuli
-Interoceptors—internal stimuli
-Proprioceptors—body position and movements

Question 18

name the sensory receptors by distribution

Answer 18

-general senses- widely distributed
-special senses- limited to head

Question 19

somesthetic signals travel by way of?

Answer 19

-first motor neuron- touch, pressure
-second motor neuron-
-third motor neuron-

Question 20

Two clinical categories of pain

Answer 20

-Nociceptive pain- stems from injury, when activated

-Neuropathic pain- injuries to nerves and spinal cord

Question 21

Nociceptive pain is subdivided into three kinds by origin

Answer 21

-Visceral pain- stretch
-Deep somatic pain- sprains
-Superficial somatic pain-cuts, burns

Question 22

Two different nociceptors pain sensations

Answer 22

-fast pain- myelinated, sharp
-slow pain- unmyelinated, dull

Question 23

Injured tissues release..... what are some examples

Answer 23

-chemicals that stimulate pain fibers Bradykinin: most potent pain stimulus known others: histamine serotonin

Question 24

Referred pain

Answer 24

when pain is felt in a part of the body that is different from where the pain is actually coming from -from convergence of neural pathways in CNS

Question 25

Enkephalins

Answer 25

has alot of pain control

Question 26

Endorphins and dynorphins

Answer 26

amino acid chains that act like pain killers

Question 27

Fibromyalgia and Phantom pain

Answer 27

F: extreme pain from muscles and bones Phantom- pain from amputated or limb (eg wisdom teeth)

Question 28

spinal gating and its mechanisms

Answer 28

Stops pain signals at posterior horn of spinal cord -Descending analgesic fibers- activate inhibitory spinal interneuron -Rubbing or massaging injury

Question 29

What does taste and smell have in common?

Answer 29

chemoreceptors and Exteroceptors

Question 30

Lingual Papillae and its four types

Answer 30

-visible bumps on tounge -filiform- food texture -fungiform- taste bud, mushroom looking -folliate- taste bud- ridges on side -vallate- taste bud, v at back

Question 31

describe a taste cell

Answer 31

-Epithelial cells, not neurons -taste hairs- act as receptor - Taste cells release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons at base Basal cells -Stem cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days

Question 32

taste needs_______ and smell needs_______

Answer 32

saliva mucous

Question 33

Five primary sensations and two new ones

Answer 33

-sweet -salty -umami -bitter -sour -fats -water

Question 34

what else is taste influenced by besides the 7 sensations

Answer 34

- food texture, aroma, temperature, and appearance

Question 35

Activate second-messenger systems in terms of taste action means

Answer 35

-stimulates taste cells -not all require

Question 36

Three cranial nerves carry taste information

Answer 36

Facial nerve (CN VII) * Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) * Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 37

olfaction meaning, location

Answer 37

-location: olfactory epithelium -neurons -need mucous -sense of smell -olfac hair of olfac cells bind the odarants

Question 38

True or false: both taste and smell have basal cells for regeneration and repair

Answer 38

true

Question 39

is smell more sensitive then taste?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

for harmful smells, some odorants act on

Answer 40

nociceptors of trigeminal nerve