CHAPTER 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

form of converting one energy to another

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2
Q

Receptor potential

A

electrical change on a receptor cause by stimulus

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3
Q

Sensation

A

awareness of a stimulus

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4
Q

what are the four sensory receptors that transmit info

A

-modality
-location
-intensity
-duration

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5
Q

modality

A

-type of stimulus or sensation it produces

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6
Q

Location and receptive field

A

where stimulus is located
-receptive field- area in which a sensory neuron detects stimuli

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7
Q

Intensity and how its encoded

A

-strength of stimulus (pain mild or bad)
-encoded by: which fibres respond, how many fibres respond, how fast are they firing

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8
Q

Describe location and modality for free nerve ending

A

-widespread
-pain,heat,touch

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8
Q

Duration- phasic and tonic receptors

A

-how long the stimulus lasts

phasic- fast, burst of action potential
tonic- slow steady action potential

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8
Q

what does unencapsulated nerve endings mean and what receptors are in it

A

-nerve tissues that lack connective tissue wrappings

-free nerve ending
-tactile discs
-hair receptors

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9
Q

Describe location and modality for tactile discs

A

-stratum basale
-pressure

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10
Q

Describe location and modality for hair receptors

A

-around hair follicle
-hair movement

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11
Q

what does encapsulated endings mean and what receptors are in it

A

-nerve endings with encapsulated by glia or connective tissue

-Tactile corpuscles
-Krause end bulbs
-Bulbous corpuscles
-Lamellar corpuscles

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12
Q

Describe location and modality for Tactile corpuscles

A

-dermal papillae (eg tongue)
-texture

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13
Q

Describe location and modality for end bulbs

A

-mucous membrane
–texture

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14
Q

Describe location and modality for bulbous

A

-dermis
-joint movements

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15
Q

Describe location and modality for lamellar

A

dermis
-tickle/vibration

16
Q

name the stimulus modality receptors

A

-thermoreceptors- temp
-photoreceptors-light
-nociceptors- tissue injury/damage
-chemoreceptors- chemicals
mechanoreceptors- deformation

17
Q

name the origin of stimuli receptors

A

-Exteroceptors—external stimuli
-Interoceptors—internal stimuli
-Proprioceptors—body position and movements

18
Q

name the sensory receptors by distribution

A

-general senses- widely distributed
-special senses- limited to head

19
Q

somesthetic signals travel by way of?

A

-first motor neuron- touch, pressure
-second motor neuron-
-third motor neuron-

20
Q

Two clinical categories of pain

A

-Nociceptive pain- stems from injury, when activated

-Neuropathic pain- injuries to nerves and spinal cord

21
Q

Nociceptive pain is subdivided into three kinds by origin

A

-Visceral pain- stretch
-Deep somatic pain- sprains
-Superficial somatic pain-cuts, burns

22
Q

Two different nociceptors pain sensations

A

-fast pain- myelinated, sharp
-slow pain- unmyelinated, dull

23
Q

Injured tissues release….. what are some examples

A

-chemicals that stimulate pain fibers

Bradykinin: most potent pain stimulus known

others: histamine serotonin

24
Q

Referred pain

A

when pain is felt in a part of the body that is different from where the pain is actually coming from

-from convergence of neural pathways in CNS

25
Q

Enkephalins

A

has alot of pain control

26
Q

Endorphins and dynorphins

A

amino acid chains that act like pain killers

27
Q

Fibromyalgia and Phantom pain

A

F: extreme pain from muscles and bones

Phantom- pain from amputated or limb (eg wisdom teeth)

28
Q

spinal gating and its mechanisms

A

Stops pain signals at posterior horn of spinal cord

-Descending analgesic fibers- activate inhibitory spinal interneuron
-Rubbing or massaging injury

29
Q

What does taste and smell have in common?

A

chemoreceptors
and Exteroceptors

30
Q

Lingual Papillae and its four types

A

-visible bumps on tounge

-filiform- food texture
-fungiform- taste bud, mushroom looking
-folliate- taste bud- ridges on side
-vallate- taste bud, v at back

31
Q

describe a taste cell

A

-Epithelial cells, not neurons
-taste hairs- act as receptor
- Taste cells release
neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons at base
Basal cells
-Stem cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days

32
Q

taste needs_______ and smell needs_______

A

saliva
mucous

33
Q

Five primary sensations and two new ones

A

-sweet
-salty
-umami
-bitter
-sour
-fats
-water

34
Q

what else is taste influenced by besides the 7 sensations

A
  • food texture, aroma, temperature,
    and appearance
35
Q

Activate second-messenger systems in terms of taste action means

A

-stimulates taste cells
-not all require

36
Q

Three cranial nerves carry taste information

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X)
37
Q

olfaction meaning, location

A

-location: olfactory epithelium
-neurons
-need mucous
-sense of smell
-olfac hair of olfac cells bind the odarants

38
Q

True or false: both taste and smell have basal cells for regeneration and repair

A

true

39
Q

is smell more sensitive then taste?

A

yes

40
Q

for harmful smells, some odorants act on

A

nociceptors of trigeminal nerve