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BIO LECTURE FINAL > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

chemical messengers secreted into to the blood

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

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3
Q

Nervous system three basic steps

A

-Sense organs receive body info and transmit message to the CNS
-CNS processes this info and determines response
-CNS issues commands to muscles and gland cells to carry out response

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4
Q

Two subdivisions in nervous system

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- everything else (nerve axons and ganglion)

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5
Q

ganglion

A

knot like swelling in nerve right off CNS Spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS contains what divisons

A

afferent- sensory output (carries receptors to CNS)
efferent- sensory
Efferent- motor output (CNS to effectors)

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7
Q

Afferent Sensory motor divisions

A

Somatic- carriers signals from receptors in skin, muscles bones, joints

Visceral- carries receptions from heart, lungs, stomach, bladder

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8
Q

Efferent motor divisions

A

Somatic- carries signals to skeletal muscle

visceral- Autonomic (sympathetic(f/f) and parasympathetic (r/d))

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9
Q

Universal Properties of Neurons

A

Excitability
* Respond to stimuli
Conductivity
* Produce electrical signals that travel along nerve fibers to reach other cells
Secretion
* Nerve fiber endings (axon terminals) release chemical
neurotransmitters that influence other cells

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

In CNS
connects motor and sensory
receive signals

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11
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Soma- neuron soma cell body
-dendrites
-axon (nerve fiber)

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12
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A

multipolar- one axon, multiple dendrites (most neurons in CNS)
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite (olfactory, retina, inner ear)
unipolar (single) and anaxonic (no axon)

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13
Q

Axonal transport

A

proteins and peptides made in the soma are transported by:
* Anterograde transport—down the axon away from soma
* Retrograde transport—up the axon toward the soma

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14
Q

Four types of glia occur in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes- Form myelin sheaths
ependymal cells- secrete CSF, line ventricles
microglia- immune system, CNS macrophages (“eat”)
astrocytes- most abundant, BBB, regulate environment

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15
Q

myloin will have what reaction

A

fast reaction

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16
Q

Two types of glia occur in the PNS

A

-schwann cells- Form myelin sheaths, nerve regeneration/repair
-Satellite cells- regulate environment

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17
Q

Myelination

A

-begin at week 14 of fetal development
-the process by which axons are covered by myelin sheaths
-During myelination, Oli nucleus cannot migrate around the
axon like Schwann cells

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18
Q

Myelin Sheaths are formed by

A

-Oligodendrocytes in CNS
* Schwann cells in PNS

19
Q

Nerve regeneration

A

-axon by injury degenerates
-neurosoma swells and moves nucleus off center
-axon stump sprouts
-schwann cells, basal lamina form regeneration tube (can take up to two years)

20
Q

Nerve signal travels down an axon depends
on two factors

A

-diameter- more SA will be faster
-myelin

21
Q

conduction speed

A

how fast electrical signals move through a nerve

22
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

protein secreted by gland etc and picked up by axon terminals, enables growing

23
Q

Electrical Potentials

A

-Electrical potential-Difference in electrical charge between one point and another causing flow between
-Membrane potential-Caused by separation of ions across the cell membrane, inside negative

24
Q

Electrical Currents

A

-Electrical current- flow of charged particles
-Bioelectricity and current flow- ions are charge carriers , Gated channels can open and close to control ionic current

25
The Resting Membrane Potential
-Electrical gradient (voltage) across the membrane when neuron is “at rest” -Inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside
26
why do RMP exist
-Specific ions are unequally distributed between the ECF and ICF -The membrane is selectively permeable to (Na+) and potassium (K+)
27
NaK+ channels for RMP
-K+ channels only allow potassium ions through, Na+ channels only allow sodium ions through -Cations (like Na+ and K+) are attracted to the region of negative charge on the inside of the membrane -Potassium K+ has greatest influence on RMP -Moves Na+ out of the cell and brings K+ into the cell
28
Local VS action potential
Local- gated channels on dendrites, can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, graded, reversible, local, decremental Action- voltage gated on axon, begins with depolarizing, all or none, Irreversible, self propagating, nondecremental, must cross threshold
29
Depolarization vs Hyperpolarization
voltage gets closer less neg voltage gets farther more neg
30
action potential and its graph
-Rapid up-and-down (open and closing of gates) shift in membrane potential that can travel a long distance down an axon -start at RMP, then local potential, threshold (voltage required to open Na channels to trigger action potential) Depolarization (rapid Na enters) Repolarization (Na cut off, K channels open and exits) hyperpolarization (membrane potential more neg then RMP for a brief time), RMP restored
31
local potential
Temporary, short-range change in voltage is a local potential Decremental- gets weaker reversible- if stimulation ceases, returns to RMP
32
Refractory period
Absolute refractory- cross threshold, no Na+ channel, no stimulus to trigger another AP Relative refractory- hyperpolarization, strong stimulus needed for another AP
33
Continuous Vs Saltatory Conduction
continuous- non myelinated (slower), chain reaction down axon Saltatory- myelinated (faster), signals from node to node
34
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine – in a class by itself, formed from acetic acid and choline * Amino acids- (GABA) * Monoamines- synthesised from amino acids * Neuropeptides- chains of amino acids -Gases- (NO and CO) -Purines- adenosine and ATP
35
Cholinergic Synapse
-Cholinergic synapses use acetylcholine to open channel and bind to receptor so Na and K can cross membrane -If strong enough, depolarization spreads to the trigger zone and hits threshold
36
Adrenergic Synapse
Adrenergic synapse uses the monoamine neurotransmitter which bind membrane and activate second messenger
37
after presynaptic what do you want
post synaptic so stimulation stops
38
Postsynaptic Potentials
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)- voltage change from RMP toward threshold, from Na+, produced from glutamate -An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)-when the cell’s voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest, K+ exiting, produced from GABA
39
Summation and its types
Summation is the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect -Temporal- quick generate of EPSP before previous one fades and adds up -Spatial- when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold
40
Facilitation
Presynaptic facilitation occurs when one presynaptic neuron enhances another one (opposite of inhibition)
41
Inhibition
Presynaptic inhibition occurs when one presynaptic neuron suppresses another one (opposite of facilitation)
42
Alzheimer Disease
loss of memory, walking, motor function, ACh, nerve growth, dopamine factor deficiencies
43
three kinds of memory
immediate- hold for seconds short- hours long term- lifetime

BIO LECTURE FINAL (9 decks)

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