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BIO LECTURE FINAL > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine System

A

chemical messengers secreted into to the blood

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2
Q

Nervous System

A

electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

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3
Q

Nervous system three basic steps

A

-Sense organs receive body info and transmit message to the CNS
-CNS processes this info and determines response
-CNS issues commands to muscles and gland cells to carry out response

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4
Q

Two subdivisions in nervous system

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- everything else (nerve axons and ganglion)

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5
Q

ganglion

A

knot like swelling in nerve right off CNS Spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS contains what divisons

A

afferent- sensory output (carries receptors to CNS)
efferent- sensory
Efferent- motor output (CNS to effectors)

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7
Q

Afferent Sensory motor divisions

A

Somatic- carriers signals from receptors in skin, muscles bones, joints

Visceral- carries receptions from heart, lungs, stomach, bladder

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8
Q

Efferent motor divisions

A

Somatic- carries signals to skeletal muscle

visceral- Autonomic (sympathetic(f/f) and parasympathetic (r/d))

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9
Q

Universal Properties of Neurons

A

Excitability
* Respond to stimuli
Conductivity
* Produce electrical signals that travel along nerve fibers to reach other cells
Secretion
* Nerve fiber endings (axon terminals) release chemical
neurotransmitters that influence other cells

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

In CNS
connects motor and sensory
receive signals

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11
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A

Soma- neuron soma cell body
-dendrites
-axon (nerve fiber)

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12
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons

A

multipolar- one axon, multiple dendrites (most neurons in CNS)
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite (olfactory, retina, inner ear)
unipolar (single) and anaxonic (no axon)

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13
Q

Axonal transport

A

proteins and peptides made in the soma are transported by:
* Anterograde transport—down the axon away from soma
* Retrograde transport—up the axon toward the soma

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14
Q

Four types of glia occur in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes- Form myelin sheaths
ependymal cells- secrete CSF, line ventricles
microglia- immune system, CNS macrophages (“eat”)
astrocytes- most abundant, BBB, regulate environment

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15
Q

myloin will have what reaction

A

fast reaction

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16
Q

Two types of glia occur in the PNS

A

-schwann cells- Form myelin sheaths, nerve regeneration/repair
-Satellite cells- regulate environment

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17
Q

Myelination

A

-begin at week 14 of fetal development
-the process by which axons are covered by myelin sheaths
-During myelination, Oli nucleus cannot migrate around the
axon like Schwann cells

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18
Q

Myelin Sheaths are formed by

A

-Oligodendrocytes in CNS
* Schwann cells in PNS

19
Q

Nerve regeneration

A

-axon by injury degenerates
-neurosoma swells and moves nucleus off center
-axon stump sprouts
-schwann cells, basal lamina form regeneration tube (can take up to two years)

20
Q

Nerve signal travels down an axon depends
on two factors

A

-diameter- more SA will be faster
-myelin

21
Q

conduction speed

A

how fast electrical signals move through a nerve

22
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

protein secreted by gland etc and picked up by axon terminals, enables growing

23
Q

Electrical Potentials

A

-Electrical potential-Difference in electrical charge between one point and another causing flow between
-Membrane potential-Caused by separation of ions across the cell membrane, inside negative

24
Q

Electrical Currents

A

-Electrical current- flow of charged particles
-Bioelectricity and current flow- ions are charge carriers , Gated channels can open and close to control ionic current

25
Q

The Resting Membrane Potential

A

-Electrical gradient (voltage) across the membrane when neuron is “at rest”
-Inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside

26
Q

why do RMP exist

A

-Specific ions are unequally distributed between the
ECF and ICF
-The membrane is selectively permeable to (Na+) and potassium (K+)

27
Q

NaK+ channels for RMP

A

-K+ channels only allow potassium ions through, Na+
channels only allow sodium ions through
-Cations (like Na+ and K+) are attracted to the region of
negative charge on the inside of the membrane
-Potassium K+ has greatest influence on RMP
-Moves Na+ out of the cell and brings K+ into the cell

28
Q

Local VS action potential

A

Local- gated channels on dendrites, can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, graded, reversible, local, decremental

Action- voltage gated on axon, begins with depolarizing, all or none, Irreversible, self propagating, nondecremental, must cross threshold

29
Q

Depolarization vs Hyperpolarization

A

voltage gets closer less neg
voltage gets farther more neg

30
Q

action potential and its graph

A

-Rapid up-and-down (open and closing of gates) shift in membrane potential that can travel a long distance down an axon

-start at RMP, then local potential, threshold (voltage required to open Na channels to trigger action potential) Depolarization (rapid Na enters) Repolarization (Na cut off, K channels open and exits) hyperpolarization (membrane potential more neg then RMP for a brief time), RMP restored

31
Q

local potential

A

Temporary, short-range change in voltage is a local potential

Decremental- gets weaker
reversible- if stimulation ceases, returns to RMP

32
Q

Refractory period

A

Absolute refractory- cross threshold, no Na+ channel, no stimulus to trigger another AP

Relative refractory- hyperpolarization, strong stimulus needed for another AP

33
Q

Continuous Vs Saltatory Conduction

A

continuous- non myelinated (slower), chain reaction down axon

Saltatory- myelinated (faster), signals from node to node

34
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine – in a class by itself, formed from acetic acid and choline
* Amino acids- (GABA)
* Monoamines- synthesised from amino acids
* Neuropeptides- chains of amino acids
-Gases- (NO and CO)
-Purines- adenosine and ATP

35
Q

Cholinergic Synapse

A

-Cholinergic synapses use acetylcholine to open channel and bind to receptor so Na and K can cross membrane

-If strong enough, depolarization spreads to the trigger zone and hits threshold

36
Q

Adrenergic Synapse

A

Adrenergic synapse uses the monoamine neurotransmitter which bind membrane and activate second messenger

37
Q

after presynaptic what do you want

A

post synaptic so stimulation stops

38
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials

A

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)- voltage change from RMP toward threshold, from Na+, produced from glutamate
-An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)-when the
cell’s voltage becomes more negative than it is at rest, K+ exiting, produced from GABA

39
Q

Summation and its types

A

Summation is the process of adding up postsynaptic
potentials and responding to their net effect

-Temporal- quick generate of EPSP before previous one fades and adds up
-Spatial- when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold

40
Q

Facilitation

A

Presynaptic facilitation occurs when one presynaptic neuron
enhances another one (opposite of inhibition)

41
Q

Inhibition

A

Presynaptic inhibition occurs when one presynaptic neuron
suppresses another one (opposite of facilitation)

42
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

loss of memory, walking, motor function, ACh, nerve growth, dopamine factor deficiencies

43
Q

three kinds of memory

A

immediate- hold for seconds
short- hours
long term- lifetime

BIO LECTURE FINAL (9 decks)

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