CHAPTER 14

Question 1

Name the subdivision and function of the cerebrum, and anything that’s in that division

Answer 1

-Subdivision- forebrain
-functions- cognition, language, memory

Question 2

Name the subdivision and function of the diencephalon, and anything that’s in that division

Answer 2

Subdivision- forebrain
other divisions:
hypothalamus- control center , relay station
thalamus- control center, relay station
epithalamus-pineal gland-melatonin

Question 3

Name the subdivision and function of the Brainstem, and anything that’s in that division

Answer 3

midbrain- mesencephalon - reflexes
pons-hindbrain-control center
medulla-hindbrain-control center

Question 4

Name the subdivision and function of the Cerebellum, and it’s motor and outer input

Answer 4

subdivision- hindbrain

-functions- coordination
Motor input: muscles, joints, spinal cord, ear, eye,
Motor output- cerebrum to brainstem, spinal cord, limbs

Question 5

Directional terms and anatomical features

Answer 5

Directional-
Rostral- toward forehead
Caudal- toward spinal cord

Anatomical-
longitudinal fissure- down middle
gyri- bump on brain
sulci-divots
corpus callosum- nerve bundle at connecting the hemisphere

Question 6

Gray matter

Answer 6

-darker colour due to demyelination in tissue
-surface layer over cerebrum and cerebellum
-contains cells, dendrites, and synapses

Question 7

white matter

Answer 7

-white colour due to myelination
-called tracts in CNS, nerves in PNS
-superficial to gray matter

Question 8

meninges: the three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Answer 8

-dura mater- outer- presses against cranial bones, tough
- outer periosteal layer
-inner meningeal layer
- (two layers separated by dural
sinuses)
-arachnoid mater- middle, CSF, spider
-pia mater- thin, BBB

Question 9

meningitis

Answer 9

-inflammation of meninges
-serious disease of young children
-swelling of brain, stiff neck
-affects arachnoid and pia mater the most

Question 10

Name all ventricles in the brain

Answer 10

four fluid filled chambers in the brain with CSF
-two lateral
-third
-fourth

Question 11

ventricles are connected by

Answer 11

-interventricular foramen- pore that connect lat to third
-cerebral aqueduct- tube connecting third to fourth
central canal- tube connecting forth to spinal cord

Question 12

CSF and its function

Answer 12

-clearliquid
-baths the brain and fills ventricles
-allows brain to attain size (can’t have too much or too little
-protects brain from jolting movement
-chemical stability- CSF rinses away wastes and regulates chem environment

Question 13

Filtration system of CSF

Answer 13

FS:
-filtration of blood plasma through capillaries of the brain
-pass through ventricles (3rd and 4th add more CSF along the way)
-CSF leaves ventricles into subarachnoid space
-CSf reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations

Question 14

at the blood capillaries, the brain is protected by

Answer 14

BBB

Question 15

blood brain barrier and functions

Answer 15

-tight junctions between endothelial cells that form capillary walls
-astrocytes (neuroglia) - controls how tight the junction is

Question 16

Choroid plexus and functions

Answer 16

CSF barrier
-special capillaries
-tight junctions between ependymal

Question 17

what does F.A.S.T stand for

Answer 17

-asking questions regarding a stroke
F-face
A-arms
S-speech
T-time

Question 18

Stroke and its types

Answer 18

-interruption of blood supply causes death of brain tissue

Types:
Hemorrhagic- rupture of cerebral subarachnoid blood vessel

Ischemic- blood clots, lipid deposits

Question 19

Hypothalamus

Answer 19

-control center of ANS and endocrine system

-hormone secretion
-ANS control
Thermoregulation
-food/water intake
-sleep
-memory
-emotion + sex responses

Question 20

Thalamus

Answer 20

-relay station
-gateway
-motor control
-memory and emotion

Question 21

Two cerebral hemispheres are divided by

Answer 21

longitudinal fissure

Question 22

Name the lobes of the brain

Answer 22

-frontal- mood
-parietal-senses
-temporal- hearing
-occipital-visual
-insula (hidden) - pain

Question 23

Limbic system

Answer 23

important center of emotion and learning
-has centers for pleasure and reward or fear and sorrow

Question 24

basal nuclei

Answer 24

-masses of gray matter
-receive input
-motor control

Question 25

Reticular formation

Answer 25

-network of nuclei extends through brainstem
-lose web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brain
-motor control, pain modulation, sleep, habituation, Cardiovasc control

-additional nuclei in pons for sleep etc

Question 26

midbrain consists of

Answer 26

-tectum- roof
-sup/inf colliculus
-peduncles (tegmentum, cerebral, substansia)

Question 27

Cerebellum and its peduncles

Answer 27

-largest part of hindbrain
-lots of neurons
-sensory, emotion, motor and non motor functions

-Peduncles:
inferior- input medulla
middle- input pons
superior- output midbrain

Question 28

Electroencephalogram (ECG)

Answer 28

monitors brain waves
-helpful for studying sleep and consciousness

Question 29

name the four ECG Waves and functions

Answer 29

alpha- awake but resting, not concentrating on tasks
beta- receiving sensory or engaged in activity
-theta- drowsy sleep, very common in children
-delta- deep sleep

Question 30

sleep

Answer 30

-temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated
-rhythm controlled by parts of the brain- hypothalamus has orexins to awake the brain
-has a restorative effect, deprivation can be fatal to animals

Question 31

REM Sleep

Answer 31

-rapid eye movement
-sleeper backtracks from stage 3/4 to stage 2
-occurs about 5x a night
-vivid long dreams

Question 32

cognition and each brain lobe function

Answer 32

range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

parietal- attend to stimuli
temporal- identify stimuli
-frontal- plan and execution of appropriate behaviours

Question 33

memory and procedural memory

Answer 33

learning- acquiring new info
memory- info storage
forgetting- eliminating storage
hippocampus- memory area

procedural memory: ability to remember pattern memory (tie shoe)

Question 34

amnesia and Anterograde vs retrograde

Answer 34

-inability to describe past events

Anterograde- unable to store new info
Retrograde- cannot recall things before an injury

Question 35

emotion

Answer 35

prefrontal cortex- judgement, intent, control over expression of emotion

-feelings arise from hypothalamus and amygdala

Question 36

sensation

Answer 36

primary sensory cortex- where sensory input is first received and aware of stimulus
-areas near process and interpret sensory info

-touch, pressure, strech, heat, cold, pain

Question 37

motor control

Answer 37

intention to contract a muscle begins in motor area of frontal lobes

-program transmitted to precentral gyrus (cells called upper motor)
-basal nuclei- repetitive actions
-cerebellum- motor coordination

Question 38

language

Answer 38

-reading, writing speaking, understanding words

wernicke area- recognition of writing and speaking
broca area- motor program for speaking and signing

Question 39

cerebral lateralization

Answer 39

-hemispheres differ in structure

-left hemi-(categorical) breaks info and analyzes it (math, science)

-right hemi-(representational) perceives info more integrated (aristic, comparison of sights, smells, taste)

Question 40

Tracts and the three types

Answer 40

-nerve fibers in CNS

-projection- up and down brain to SC
-commissural- across one hemi
-association-one hemi