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BIO LECTURE FINAL > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

moves/stabilizes the position of the skeleton, voluntary

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2
Q

function of a cardiac muscle

A

circulates blood and maintains blood pressure

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3
Q

function of a smooth muscle

A

moves food, urine etc

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4
Q

name the muscle characteristics and functions

A

-excitability- responsiveness
-conductivity- wave of excitation
-contractility- shortens from stimulus
-extensibility- stretch between contractions
-elasticity - stretch and return to original

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5
Q

muscle fibre is also called

A

muscle cell (myofibers)

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6
Q

name the skeletal cell chain

A

skeletal- muscle fascicles (bundles)-muscle fibers (cell)-myofibril-sarcomere (functional unit)-myofilaments (myosin action)

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7
Q

connective tissue wrappings

A

-endomysium- around muscle cell
-perimysium- around muscle fascicle
-epimysium-around entire muscle

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8
Q

what is inside a muscle cell

A

-sarcolemma- plasma membrane
-sarcoplasm- cytoplasm
-myofibrils- protein cords
-glycogen- carbohydrate
-myoglobin red pigment with O2 for muscle activity
-multiple nuclei- pressed against sarcolemma
-myoblasts- stem cells where muscle fibres are made
-sarcoplasmic reticulum- smooth network around myofibril
-Triad- tuble with terminal cisterns and trans tubule
-myofilaments

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9
Q

describe myofilaments

A

-Thick filament- myosin molecules, two chained intertwined
-Thin filaments- fibrous action (intertwined strands), tropomyosin molecules (blocks active sites on G actin) troponin molecule (calcium on tropomyosin molecule)
-elastic filaments- huge protein through thick filament and anchors Z disc to M line

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10
Q

Contractile proteins and Regulatory proteins

A

myosin and action do the work of contraction

tropomyosin and troponin

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11
Q

Siration and its bands

A

-result from myosin and actin
-A band- dark, has H band and M band

-I band- light, has Z disc

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12
Q

sarcomere

A

segment from Z to Z disc

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13
Q

sliding filament theory

A
  1. H bands and I bands get smaller
  2. Zones of overlap get larger
  3. Z lines approach each other
  4. A bands remain constant
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14
Q

skeletal muscle can only contract if

A

nerve is stimulated

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15
Q

Somatic motor neuron

A

-nerve cells in brainstem and spinal cord that have axons (nerve fibre) that attaches and serve skeletal muscles (one motor neuron each)

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16
Q

motor unit

A

A motor unit is a group of muscle fibers that are controlled by a single motor neuron

small motor units- control (eye)
large motor units- strength (quads)

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17
Q

synapse

A

Junction between two neurons that allow signal to pass between them

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18
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the point of contact between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber forms,

a separate synapse with muscle fiber

-axon terminal- swollen end of nerve fibre
-synaptic cleft-gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma

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19
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

-a neurotransmitter in vesicles

-an enzyme breaking down ACh

20
Q

what does NMJ consist of

A
  1. Synaptic terminal of neuron (vesicles with ACh)
    2.motor end plate (has junctional folds, contains AChE)
  2. Synaptic cleft (space between neurons and muscle fibers)
21
Q

Toxins interfering with synaptic function can cause what

A

paralyzation

22
Q

Toxins and Paralysis

A

-Spastic paralysis- state of continual contraction
-tetnus- form of spastic paralysis caused by toxin
-flaccid paralysis- muscles are limp and cant contract
-botulism- food poisoning cause by toxin

23
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

-hardens muscles and stiffens body after death

-ATP production stops and cell membranes leak
-Ca2+ leaks out of SR and muscle contraction cycle in motion
-Ca2+ activates myosin-actin cross bridges
-lysosomes digest cross bridges

24
Q

4 phases of contraction and relaxation

A

Excitation: nerve action lead
to muscle action
- Excitation–contraction coupling: link the action
potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments to contract
* Contraction: muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten
* Relaxation: when stimulation ends, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns

25
Q

muscle length tension relationship

A

amount of tension generated by
a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before it
was stimulated

-short- weak contraction, filaments butt against Z discs

stretched- weak contraction, minimal overlap between filaments

26
Q

Threshold

A

minimum voltage necessary to generate an
action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction

-has to be reached for something to occur

27
Q

Twitch

A

-a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when
stimulus is at threshold or higher

-after threshold

28
Q

latent period

A

very brief delay between stimulus and contraction

  • Time required for excitation, excitation–contraction, generating internal tension
29
Q

contraction phase

A

time when muscle generates external tension

30
Q

Relaxation phase

A

time when tension declines to baseline

31
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle produces internal tension but external resistance
causes it to stay the same length

32
Q

Isotonic contraction (two types)

A

-Muscle changes in length with no change in tension

-Concentric contraction: muscle shortens
-Eccentric contraction- muscle lengthens (ex slowly lowering weight

33
Q

Iso contraction phases

A

beginning- isometric
-muscle rises, overcomes resistance, shortens (concentric) becomes isotonic, lowers and lengthens (eccentric)

34
Q

all muscle contraction depend on

A

ATP
-depends on oxygen and organic energy sources (glucose)

35
Q

Two main pathways of ATP synthesis

A

-Anaerobic Fermentation- cells producing ATP in absence of oxygen, generates lactate from glucose
-Aerobic respiration- produces far more ATP, no lactate

36
Q

immediate energy

A

short, intense excercise

37
Q

Muscles meet most ATP demand by borrowing _______
groups (Pi) from other molecules and transferring them to ___________

A

phosphate
ADP

38
Q

Two enzyme systems control these phosphate transfers

A

Myokinase
creatine kinase

39
Q

Phosphagen system

A

combination of ATP and CP which provides nearly all energy for short bursts of activity

40
Q

Anaerobic threshold (lactate threshold

A

point at which lactate
becomes detectable in the blood

41
Q

Glycogen–lactate system

A

pathway from glycogen to lactate

42
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

progressive weakness from prolonged use of muscles

43
Q

VO2 max

A
  • rate of oxygen consumption is constant
    and does not increase further with added workload
  • Proportional to body size
  • Peaks at around age 20
    -dont want it to decline so maintain w physical activity
44
Q

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

A

oxygen debt

45
Q

Difference between Slow(oxidative) and fast(glycolytic) twitch

A

Slow- motor unit/neurons smaller and weaker, ATP aerobic, Fatigue resistance good, color red

fast- moter unit/neuron bigger and stronger, ATP anaerobic, fatigue resistance poor, color white pale

46
Q

muscle fiber types can be based from

A

muscle function, genetics, activity

47
Q

Muscle disorders

A

-aging
-Dystrophy-degenerate and weaken (duchenne most common, cause by sex link trait)
-myasthenia gravis- Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack neuromuscular
junctions

BIO LECTURE FINAL (9 decks)

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